149 research outputs found
Hydrodynamic Waves in Regions with Smooth Loss of Convexity of Isentropes. General Phenomenological Theory
General phenomenological theory of hydrodynamic waves in regions with smooth
loss of convexity of isentropes is developed based on the fact that for most
media these regions in p-V plane are anomalously small. Accordingly the waves
are usually weak and can be described in the manner analogous to that for weak
shock waves of compression. The corresponding generalized Burgers equation is
derived and analyzed. The exact solution of the equation for steady shock waves
of rarefaction is obtained and discusses.Comment: RevTeX, 4 two-column pages, no figure
Recommended from our members
Compaction Waves in Granular HMX
Piston driven compaction waves in granular HMX are simulated with a two-dimensional continuum mechanics code in which individual grains are resolved. The constitutive properties of the grains are modeled with a hydrostatic pressure and a simple elastic-plastic model for the shear stress. Parameters are chosen to correspond to inert HMX. For a tightly packed random grain distribution (with initial porosity of 19%) we varied the piston velocity to obtain weak partly compacted waves and stronger fully compacted waves. The average stress and wave speed are compatible with the porous Hugoniot locus for uni- axial strain. However, the heterogeneities give rise to stress concentrations, which lead to localized plastic flow. For weak waves, plastic deformation is the dominant dissipative mechanism and leads to dispersed waves that spread out in time. In addition to dispersion, the granular heterogeneities give rise to subgrain spatial variation in the thermodynamic variables. The peaks in the temperature fluctuations, known as hot spots, are in the range such that they are the critical factor for initiation sensitivity
Recommended from our members
Generating strong shock waves with a supersonic peristaltic pump
An axially phased implosion of a cylindrical tube with a phase velocity exceeding the sound speed of the fill material acts as a peristaltic pump which drives a shock wave along the axis. The region behind the onset of the phased implosion forms a converging-diverging nozzle. When appropriately designed the flow approaches a steady state in which the shock is planar and propagates near the nozzle entrance. The steady-state flow and the approach toward it have been derived in a one-dimensional model. The steady-state nozzle flow is well characterized: uniform across the channel, simple and predictable in the axial direction. The flow in the converging section is very stable and not affected by the flow in the diverging section. These properties form the basis of an alternative shock tube design which is not limited in pressure by material strength of the tube wall. Experiments with a simple design have corroborated the theoretical predictions. A super-shock tube, in which the phased implosion is driven by high explosives, can reach extremely high pressures and energy densities. With a well characterized drive system, measurements of the steady-state shape of the nozzle can be used to determine the equation of state along an isentrope behind the axial shock. 5 refs., 4 figs
Interactions of inert confiners with explosives
The deformation of an inert confiner by a steady detonation wave in an
adjacent explosive is investigated for cases where the confiner is suciently strong
(or the explosive suciently weak) such that the overall change in the sound speed
of the inert is small. A coupling condition which relates the pressure to the deflection
angle along the explosive-inert interface is determined. This includes its dependence
on the thickness of the inert, for cases where the initial sound speed of the inert
is less than or greater than the detonation speed in the explosive (supersonic and
subsonic inert
ows, respectively). The deformation of the inert is then solved by
prescribing the pressure along the interface. In the supersonic case, the detonation
drives a shock into the inert, subsequent to which the
ow in the inert consists
of alternating regions of compression and tension. In this case reverberations or
`ringing' occurs along both the deflected interface and outer edge of the inert. For
the subsonic case, the
flow in the interior of the inert is smooth and shockless.
The detonation in the explosive initially defl
ects the smooth interface towards the
explosive. For sufficiently thick inerts in such cases, it appears that the deflection
of the confiner would either drive the detonation speed in the explosive up to the
sound speed of the inert or drive a precursor wave ahead of the detonation in the
explosive. Transonic cases, where the inert sound speed is close to the detonation
speed, are also considered. It is shown that the confinement affect of the inert on
the detonation is enhanced as sonic conditions are approached from either side
Recommended from our members
Modeling compaction-induced energy dissipation of granular HMX
A thermodynamically consistent model is developed for the compaction of granular solids. The model is an extension of the single phase limit of two-phase continuum models used to describe Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT) experiments. The focus is on the energetics and dissipation of the compaction process. Changes in volume fraction are partitioned into reversible and irreversible components. Unlike conventional DDT models, the model is applicable from the quasi-static to dynamic compaction regimes for elastic, plastic, or brittle materials. When applied to the compaction of granular HMX (a brittle material), the model predicts results commensurate with experiments including stress relaxation, hysteresis, and energy dissipation. The model provides a suitable starting point for the development of thermal energy localization sub-scale models based on compaction-induced dissipation
Self-Similar Random Processes and Infinite-Dimensional Configuration Spaces
We discuss various infinite-dimensional configuration spaces that carry
measures quasiinvariant under compactly-supported diffeomorphisms of a manifold
M corresponding to a physical space. Such measures allow the construction of
unitary representations of the diffeomorphism group, which are important to
nonrelativistic quantum statistical physics and to the quantum theory of
extended objects in d-dimensional Euclidean space. Special attention is given
to measurable structure and topology underlying measures on generalized
configuration spaces obtained from self-similar random processes (both for d =
1 and d > 1), which describe infinite point configurations having accumulation
points
Single-Particle Green Functions in Exactly Solvable Models of Bose and Fermi Liquids
Based on a class of exactly solvable models of interacting bose and fermi
liquids, we compute the single-particle propagators of these systems exactly
for all wavelengths and energies and in any number of spatial dimensions. The
field operators are expressed in terms of bose fields that correspond to
displacements of the condensate in the bose case and displacements of the fermi
sea in the fermi case.
Unlike some of the previous attempts, the present attempt reduces the answer
for the spectral function in any dimension in both fermi and bose systems to
quadratures.
It is shown that when only the lowest order sea-displacement terms are
included, the random phase approximation in its many guises is recovered in the
fermi case, and Bogoliubov's theory in the bose case. The momentum distribution
is evaluated using two different approaches, exact diagonalisation and the
equation of motion approach.
The novelty being of course, the exact computation of single-particle
properties including short wavelength behaviour.Comment: Latest version to be published in Phys. Rev. B. enlarged to around 40
page
âMembers of the Same Clubâ: Challenges and Decisions Faced by US IRBs in Identifying and Managing Conflicts of Interest
Conflicts of interest (COIs) in research have received increasing attention, but many questions arise about how Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) view and approach these. Methods: I conducted in-depth interviews of 2 hours each with 46 US IRB chairs, administrators, and members, exploring COI and other issues related to research integrity. I contacted leaders of 60 IRBs (every fourth one among the top 240 institutions by NIH funding), and interviewed IRB leaders from 34 of these institutions (response rate = 55%). Data were analyzed using standard qualitative methods, informed by Grounded Theory. Results: IRBs confront financial and non-financial COIs of PIs, institutions, and IRBs themselves. IRB members may seek to help, or compete with, principal investigators (PIs). Non-financial COI also often appear to be âindirect financialâ conflicts based on gain (or loss) not to oneself, but to one's colleagues or larger institution. IRBs faced challenges identifying and managing these COI, and often felt that they could be more effective. IRBs' management of their own potential COI vary, and conflicted members may observe, participate, and/or vote in discussions. Individual IRB members frequently judge for themselves whether to recuse themselves. Challenges arise in addressing these issues, since institutions and PIs need funding, financial information is considered confidential, and COI can be unconscious. Conclusions: This study, the first to explore qualitatively how IRBs confront COIs and probe how IRBs confront non-financial COIs, suggests that IRBs face several types of financial and non-financial COIs, involving themselves, PIs, and institutions, and respond varyingly. These data have critical implications for practice and policy. Disclosure of indirect and non-financial COIs to subjects may not be feasible, partly since IRBs, not PIs, are conflicted. Needs exist to consider guidelines and clarifications concerning when and how, in protocol reviews, IRB members should recuse themselves from participating, observing, and/or voting
Universality of the break-up profile for the KdV equation in the small dispersion limit using the Riemann-Hilbert approach
We obtain an asymptotic expansion for the solution of the Cauchy problem for
the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation in the small dispersion limit near the
point of gradient catastrophe (x_c,t_c) for the solution of the dispersionless
equation.
The sub-leading term in this expansion is described by the smooth solution of
a fourth order ODE, which is a higher order analogue to the Painleve I
equation. This is in accordance with a conjecture of Dubrovin, suggesting that
this is a universal phenomenon for any Hamiltonian perturbation of a hyperbolic
equation. Using the Deift/Zhou steepest descent method applied on the
Riemann-Hilbert problem for the KdV equation, we are able to prove the
asymptotic expansion rigorously in a double scaling limit.Comment: 30 page
- âŠ