A global view of cotton germplasm ressources

Without global, collaborative efforts to collect, protect, and secure cotton germplasm, the rarest and most unique cotton germplasm resources are vulnerable to extinction. Global cotton germplasm resources are important sanctuaries of important genes and genetic variability that can be used in the future to improve cotton production systems and provide genetic tolerance to emerging diseases and pests. This report describes a unique collaborative effort among the germplasm collection centers of major cotton growing countries to document the cotton germplasm resources at the global level. This report emphasizes the importance of international collaboration to protect, secure, and evaluate the global cotton germplasm resources. The status of several large cotton germplasm collections 658 representing a large portion of the curated cotton germplasm resources worldwide, including those from the US,India, France, China, Australia, Uzbekistan, and Brazil, is described. The contents, maintenance methods, and availability of each germplasm collection are discussed. Future concerns and opportunities are discussed that aim to protect and secure the global cotton germplasm resources within a collaborative, multi-national framework. We expect that this report will initiate multi-national, collaborative efforts to collect, preserve, evaluate and utilize global cotton germplasm resources to address the current and future needs of the global cotton community.(Résumé d'auteur

Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations

Assessing the bioavailability of drug molecules at the site of action provides better insight into the efficiency of a dosage form. However, determining drug concentration in the skin layers following topical application of dermatological formulations is a great challenge. The protocols followed in oral formulations could not be applied for topical dosage forms. The regulatory agencies are considering several possible approaches such as tape stripping, microdialysis etc. On the other hand, the skin bioavailability assessment of xenobiotics is equally important for topical formulations in order to evaluate the toxicity. It is always possible that drug molecules applied on the skin surface may transport thorough the skin and reaches systemic circulation. Thus the real time measurement of molecules in the skin layer has become obligatory. In the last two decades, quite a few investigations have been carried out to assess the skin bioavailability and toxicity of topical/dermatological products. This review provides current understanding on the basics of dermatokinetics, drug depot formation, skin metabolism and clearance of drug molecules from the skin layers following application of topical formulations