Ignition, Burning, and Extinction of a Strained Fuel Strip

Flame structure and ignition and extinction processes associated with a strained fuel strip are explored numerically using detailed transport and complex kinetics for a propane-air reaction. Ignition modes are identified that are similar to those predicted by one-step activation energy asymptotics, i.e., modes in which diffusion flames can ignite as independent or dependent interfaces, and modes in which single premixed or partially premixed flames ignite. These ignition modes are found to be dependent on critical combinations of strain rate, fuel strip thickness, and initial reactant temperatures. Extinction in this configuration is seen to occur due to fuel consumption by adjacent flames, although viscosity is seen to have the effect of delaying extinction by reducing the effective strain rate and velocity field experienced by the flames

On the interaction of vortices with mixing layers

We describe the perturbations introduced by two counter-rotating vortices - in a two-dimensional configuration - or by a vortex ring - in an axisymmetric configuration - to the mixing layer between two counterflowing gaseous fuel and air streams of the same density. The analysis is confined to the near stagnation point region, where the strain rate of the unperturbed velocity field, A0, is uniform. We restrict our attention to cases where the typical distance 2r0 between the vortices - or the characteristic vortex ring radius r0 - is large compared to both the thickness, δv, of the vorticity core and the thickness, δm∼(ν/A0)1/2, of the mixing layer. In addition, we consider that the ratio, Γ/ν, of the vortex circulation, Γ, to the kinematic viscosity, ν, is large compared to unity. Then, during the interaction time, A0,-1, the viscous and diffusion effects are confined to the thin vorticity core and the thin mixing layer, which, when seen with the scale r0, appears as a passive interface between the two counterflowing streams when they have the same density. In this case, the analysis provides a simple procedure to describe the displacement and distortion of the interface, as well as the time evolution of the strain rate imposed on the mixing layer, which are needed to calculate the inner structure of the reacting mixing layer as well as the conditions for diffusion flame extinction and edge-flame propagation along the mixing layer. Although in the reacting case variable density effects due to heat release play an important role inside the mixing layer, in this paper the analysis of the inner structure is carried out using the constant density model, which provides good qualitative understanding of the mixing layer response

Oleate but not stearate induces the regulatory phenotype of myeloid suppressor cells

Tumor infiltrating myeloid cells play contradictory roles in the tumor development. Dendritic cells and classical activated macrophages support anti- tumor immune activity via antigen presentation and induction of pro- inflammatory immune responses. Myeloid suppressor cells (MSCs), for instance myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) or tumor associated macrophages play a critical role in tumor growth. Here, treatment with sodium oleate, an unsaturated fatty acid, induced a regulatory phenotype in the myeloid suppressor cell line MSC-2 and resulted in an increased suppression of activated T cells, paralleled by increased intracellular lipid droplets formation. Furthermore, sodium oleate potentiated nitric oxide (NO) production in MSC-2, thereby increasing their suppressive capacity. In primary polarized bone marrow cells, sodium oleate (C18:1) and linoleate (C18:2), but not stearate (C18:0) were identified as potent FFA to induce a regulatory phenotype. This effect was abrogated in MSC-2 as well as primary cells by specific inhibition of droplets formation while the inhibition of de novo FFA synthesis proved ineffective, suggesting a critical role for exogenous FFA in the functional induction of MSCs. Taken together our data introduce a new unsaturated fatty acid-dependent pathway shaping the functional phenotype of MSCs, facilitating the tumor escape from the immune system

AIAA 2003-1171 Reactive Flow Phenomena in Pulse Detonation Engines REACTIVE FLOW PHENOMENA IN PULSE DETONATION ENGINES

Abstract This paper describes one-and two-dimensional numerical simulations, with simplified as well as full reaction kinetics, of a single cycle pulse detonation engine (PDE). Focus of the present studies is on 1) the presence of a nozzle extension at the end of the tube, and its effect on performance parameters as well as noise characteristics, 2) critical "spark ignition" energies associated with the initiation of a detonation in the PDE tube, and 3) quantification of performance parameters associated with full kinetics simulations of the PDE and comparison of these data sets with available experimental data. The present simulations demonstrate the ability to predict PDE reactive flow phenomena and associated performance and noise characteristics, and hence have promise as a predictive tool for the evolution of future PDE designs. Introduction and Backgroun

Study of a Diffusion Flame in a Stretched Vortex

The time dependent interaction of a laminar diffusion flame with a single plane vortex and with a stretched line vortex is examined with the aim of determining the flame configuration and the augmentation to the reactant consumption rate resulting from the interaction. Elements of the resulting curved flame sheets behave essentially as isolated flames until the neighboring flame sheets become so closely spaced that they interact and consume the intervening reactant. This process creates a core of combustion products with external isolated flame surfaces. The augmentation of the reactant consumption rate results both from the local straining of the flame in its own plane and from the overall increase in flame surface area. Three examples are treated in detail. The first is the plane problem in which an initially straight flame is distorted by a vortex. In the second, the situation is similar except that the problem is expanded to three dimensions and the vortex line is being stretched along its own axis. Finally, the effects of the density change resulting from the heat release are examined

Effects of controlled vortex generation and interactions in transverse jets

This experimental study examined the effects of controlled vortex generation and interactions created by axisymmetric excitation of a transverse jet, with a focus on the structural and mixing characteristics of the flow. The excitation consisted of a double-pulse forcing waveform applied to the jet, where two distinct temporal square-wave pulses were prescribed during a single forcing period. The two distinct pulses produced vortex rings of different strength and celerity, the strategic selection of which promoted vortex ring interactions or collisions in the near field to varying degrees. Jet flow conditions corresponding to a transitionally convectively and absolutely unstable upstream shear layer (USL) in the absence of forcing, at a jet-to-cross-flow momentum flux ratio of J=10, and to an absolutely unstable USL at J=7, were explored for a jet Reynolds number of 1800. Acetone planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging was utilized to quantify the influence of different prescribed temporal waveforms. All forcing conditions enhanced the spread, penetration, and molecular mixing of the jet as compared to the unforced jet, though to differing degrees. Interestingly, when the jet was convectively unstable, forcing which promoted vortex collisions provided the greatest enhancement in molecular mixing, whereas the absolutely unstable jet produced the greatest enhancement in mixing when the vortex rings did not interact, with important implications for optimized jet control