113 research outputs found
Anomalous magnetic field dependence of the thermodynamic transition line in the isotropic superconductor (K,Ba)Bi03
Thermodynamic (specific heat, reversible magnetization, tunneling
spectroscopy) and transport measurements have been performed on high quality
(K,Ba)BiO single crystals. The temperature dependence of the magnetic field
corresponding to the onset of the specific heat anomaly presents a
clear positive curvature. is significantly smaller than the field
for which the superconducting gap vanishes but is closely related to
the irreversibility line deduced from transport data. Moreover, the temperature
dependence of the reversible magnetization present a strong deviation from the
Ginzburg--Landau theory emphasazing the peculiar nature of the superconducting
transition in this material.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, 28 reference
A Bragg glass phase in the vortex lattice of a type II superconductor
Although crystals are usually quite stable, they are sensitive to a
disordered environment: even an infinitesimal amount of impurities can lead to
the destruction of the crystalline order. The resulting state of matter has
been a longstanding puzzle. Until recently it was believed to be an amorphous
state in which the crystal would break into crystallites. But a different
theory predicts the existence of a novel phase of matter: the so-called Bragg
glass, which is a glass and yet nearly as ordered as a perfect crystal. The
lattice of vortices that can contain magnetic flux in type II superconductors
provide a good system to investigate these ideas. Here we show that neutron
diffraction data of the vortex lattice in type II superconductors provides
unambiguous evidence for a weak, power-law decay of the crystalline order
characteristic of a Bragg glass. The theory also predicts accurately the
electrical transport properties of superconductors; it naturally explains the
observed phase transition and the dramatic jumps in the critical current
associated with the melting of the Bragg glass. Moreover the model explains
experiments as diverse as X-ray scattering in disordered liquid crystals and
conductivity of electronic crystals.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure
Domain regime in two-dimensional disordered vortex matter
A detailed numerical study of the real space configuration of vortices in
disordered superconductors using 2D London-Langevin model is presented. The
magnetic field is varied between 0 and for various pinning
strengths . For weak pinning, an inhomogeneous disordered vortex matter
is observed, in which the topologically ordered vortex lattice survives in
large domains. The majority of the dislocations in this state are confined to
the grain boundaries/domain walls. Such quasi-ordered configurations are
observed in the intermediate fields, and we refer it as the domain regime (DR).
The DR is distinct from the low-field and the high-fields amorphous regimes
which are characterized by a homogeneous distribution of defects over the
entire system. Analysis of the real space configuration suggests domain wall
roughening as a possible mechanism for the crossover from the DR to the
high-field amorphous regime. The DR also shows a sharp crossover to the high
temperature vortex liquid phase. The domain size distribution and the roughness
exponent of the lattice in the DR are also calculated. The results are compared
with some of the recent Bitter decoration experiments.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure
Expenditure Reform in Industrialised Countries: A Case Study Approach
This study examines reforms of public expenditure in industrialised countries over the past two decades. We distinguish ambitious and timid reformers and analyse in detail reform experiences in eight case studies of ambitious reform episodes. We find that ambitious reform countries reduce spending on transfers, subsidies and public consumption while largely sparing education spending. Such expenditure retrenchment is also typically part of a comprehensive reform package that includes improvements in fiscal institutions as well as structural and other macroeconomic reforms. The study finds that ambitious expenditure retrenchment and reform coincides with large improvements in fiscal and economic growth indicators
Roadless and Low-Traffic Areas as Conservation Targets in Europe
With increasing road encroachment, habitat fragmentation by transport infrastructures has been a serious threat for European biodiversity. Areas with no roads or little traffic (“roadless and low-traffic areas”) represent relatively undisturbed natural habitats and functioning ecosystems. They provide many benefits for biodiversity and human societies (e.g., landscape connectivity, barrier against pests and invasions, ecosystem services). Roadless and low-traffic areas, with a lower level of anthropogenic disturbances, are of special relevance in Europe because of their rarity and, in the context of climate change, because of their contribution to higher resilience and buffering capacity within landscape ecosystems. An analysis of European legal instruments illustrates that, although most laws aimed at protecting targets which are inherent to fragmentation, like connectivity, ecosystem processes or integrity, roadless areas are widely neglected as a legal target. A case study in Germany underlines this finding. Although the Natura 2000 network covers a significant proportion of the country (16%), Natura 2000 sites are highly fragmented and most low-traffic areas (75%) lie unprotected outside this network. This proportion is even higher for the old Federal States (western Germany), where only 20% of the low-traffic areas are protected. We propose that the few remaining roadless and low-traffic areas in Europe should be an important focus of conservation efforts; they should be urgently inventoried, included more explicitly in the law and accounted for in transport and urban planning. Considering them as complementary conservation targets would represent a concrete step towards the strengthening and adaptation of the Natura 2000 network to climate change
Sub-National Revenue Mobilization in Latin American and Caribbean Countries: The Case of Argentina
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