Clasificación de grupos morfofuncionales del fitoplancton en seis sistemas lénticos de las regiones Caribe, Andina y Amazónica de Colombia

La clasificación basada en rasgos y grupos funcionales establecidos en la morfología del fitoplancton posibilitó una aproximación factible y objetiva en la evaluación de seis sistemas de diferente tipo, origen, morfología y condición limnológica pertenecientes a las regiones amazónica, andina y caribe de Colombia. Se estableció específicamente la relación entre las variables continuas y categóricas del fitoplancton (volumen, superficie, dimensión lineal máxima, presencia de aerótopos, mucílago, flagelo y exoesqueleto de sílice) con los parámetros limnológicos de transparencia, profundidad máxima, temperatura y concentración de iones inorgánicos. Se seleccionaron entre dos y ocho estaciones durante tres o cuatro periodos climáticos en series anuales entre el 2005 y el 2007 tomando las muestras en la zona limnética. Los taxones identificados se clasificaron en uno u otro grupo funcional basado en la morfología (GFBM) según las dimensiones morfológicas y la presencia de rasgos especializados de cada taxón. Entre los resultados más relevantes se destacó el grupo V (flagelados unicelulares de tamaño medio a grande) en ambientes poco pro-fundos y turbios, con excepción de la llanura del Bajo Sinú en el Caribe, donde dominaba el grupo VII (colonias mucilaginosas con los lípidos y aerótopos). En los lagos profundos y de gran transparencia en montañas sobresalieron los grupos IV (tamaño medio y ausencia de rasgos especializados) y VII. Los grupos propuestos en la clasificación permitieron exponer los patrones funcionales del ensamblaje del fitoplancton y explicar significativamente su variación en respuesta a las características de los sistemas

Testing of the CHEMTAX program in contrasting Neotropical lakes, lagoons, and swamps

ABSTRACT: The problem using the CHEMTAX program in freshwater environments is that the few matrices of pigment ratios available have not been tested in a wide range of environments. Sixteen Amazonian, Andean, and Caribbean lakes, lagoons, and swamps were sampled over a year. The aim was to determine if it was possible to obtain a reliable matrix of input pigment ratios that may be used in freshwater habitats with different environmental conditions. There were no clear differences among regions for most of the ratios of marker pigments to Chlorophyll a (Chl a) in most of the phytoplankton groups. Only the zeaxanthin/Chl a ratio showed clear variations among areas. The estimates for the mean relative contribution of each phytoplankton group calculated for the pigment ratios obtained in each separate habitat and season were very similar to the estimates calculated using the average pigment ratio obtained for all habitats and seasons. Our study suggests that the matrix of the average pigment ratio obtained in this study can be used to estimate phytoplankton class abundances with the CHEMTAX program in freshwater habitats with different limnological conditions

Comparative evaluation of some limnological characteristics of six lentic environments of Colombia

RESUMEN: Este estudio propuso evaluar algunas características limnológicas de seis ambientes leníticos de Colombia ubicados en un gradiente altitudinal de las regiones Caribe, Andina y Amazónica. Estos ambientes presentan diferente origen, tipo y variabilidad climática, física y química, esto es una evidencia de que en los ambientes ecuatoriales, como los de Colombia, varían entre sí y requieren un enfoque local enlazado con patrones regionales y geográficos que influencian la limnología del sistema. Los ambientes estudiados corresponden a ciénagas y lagos de inundación de tierras bajas y lagos de alta montaña, los cuales fueron monitoreados en diferentes estaciones y momentos hidrológicos; los resultados fueron analizados en torno a sus diferencias ambientales y tróficas. La ubicación altitudinal y en consecuencia el tipo, origen, morfometría y condición hidroclimática que afecta los seis sistemas promueven cambios significativos en el régimen de precipitación, la temperatura, nivel y transparencia del agua, la concentración de nutrientes, el oxígeno disuelto, el pH, la conductividad eléctrica y la clorofila a.ABSTRACT: This study proposed to evaluate some limnological characteristics of six lentic environments in Colombia located at the altitudinal gradient in Caribbean, Andean and Amazon regions. These environments have different origin, type and physic, chemic and climatic variability. This is clear evidence that equatorial environments, like the ones found in Colombia presents variation among them and requires a local approach linked with regional and geographical patterns which influences the limnology of system. The studied environments correspond to high mountain lakes and lowland floodplain, which were monitored in different hydrological seasons and times and the results were reviewed with respect to their environmental and trophic differences. Altitudinal location and therefore the type, origin, morphometry and hydroclimatic conditions which affects the six systems, promotes significant changes in the precipitation regime, temperature, level and water transparency, nutrients concentrations, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity and chlorophyll a

Natural History of MYH7-Related Dilated Cardiomyopathy

BACKGROUND Variants in myosin heavy chain 7 (MYH7) are responsible for disease in 1% to 5% of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); however, the clinical characteristics and natural history of MYH7-related DCM are poorly described. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the phenotype and prognosis of MYH7-related DCM. We also evaluated the influence of variant location on phenotypic expression. METHODS We studied clinical data from 147 individuals with DCM-causing MYH7 variants (47.6% female; 35.6 +/- 19.2 years) recruited from 29 international centers. RESULTS At initial evaluation, 106 (72.1%) patients had DCM (left ventricular ejection fraction: 34.5% +/- 11.7%). Median follow-up was 4.5 years (IQR: 1.7-8.0 years), and 23.7% of carriers who were initially phenotype-negative developed DCM. Phenotypic expression by 40 and 60 years was 46% and 88%, respectively, with 18 patients (16%) first diagnosed at <18 years of age. Thirty-six percent of patients with DCM met imaging criteria for LV noncompaction. During follow-up, 28% showed left ventricular reverse remodeling. Incidence of adverse cardiac events among patients with DCM at 5 years was 11.6%, with 5 (4.6%) deaths caused by end-stage heart failure (ESHF) and 5 patients (4.6%) requiring heart transplantation. The major ventricular arrhythmia rate was low (1.0% and 2.1% at 5 years in patients with DCM and in those with LVEF of <= 35%, respectively). ESHF and major ventricular arrhythmia were significantly lower compared with LMNA-related DCM and similar to DCM caused by TTN truncating variants. CONCLUSIONS MYH7-related DCM is characterized by early age of onset, high phenotypic expression, low left ventricular reverse remodeling, and frequent progression to ESHF. Heart failure complications predominate over ventricular arrhythmias, which are rare. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier on behalf of the American College of Cardiology Foundation

Enteric methane mitigation strategies for ruminant livestock systems in the Latin America and Caribbean region: a meta-analysis.

Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) is a developing region characterized for its importance for global food security, producing 23 and 11% of the global beef and milk production, respectively. The region?s ruminant livestock sector however, is under scrutiny on environmental grounds due to its large contribution to enteric methane (CH4) emissions and influence on global climate change. Thus, the identification of effective CH4 mitigation strategies which do not compromise animal performance is urgently needed, especially in context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) defined in the Paris Agreement of the United Nations. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to: 1) collate a database of individual sheep, beef and dairy cattle records from enteric CH4 emission studies conducted in the LAC region, and 2) perform a meta-analysis to identify feasible enteric CH4 mitigation strategies, which do not compromise animal performance. After outlier?s removal, 2745 animal records (65% of the original data) from 103 studies were retained (from 2011 to 2021) in the LAC database. Potential mitigation strategies were classified into three main categories (i.e., animal breeding, dietary, and rumen manipulation) and up to three subcategories, totaling 34 evaluated strategies. A random effects model weighted by inverse variance was used (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Six strategies decreased at least one enteric CH4 metric and simultaneously increased milk yield (MY; dairy cattle) or average daily gain (ADG; beef cattle and sheep). The breed composition F1 Holstein × Gyr decreased CH4 emission per MY (CH4IMilk) while increasing MY by 99%. Adequate strategies of grazing management under continuous and rotational stocking decreased CH4 emission per ADG (CH4IGain) by 22 and 35%, while increasing ADG by 22 and 71%, respectively. Increased dietary protein concentration, and increased concentrate level through cottonseed meal inclusion, decreased CH4IMilk and CH4IGain by 10 and 20% and increased MY and ADG by 12 and 31%, respectively. Lastly, increased feeding level decreased CH4IGain by 37%, while increasing ADG by 171%. The identified effective mitigation strategies can be adopted by livestock producers according to their specific needs and aid LAC countries in achieving SDG as defined in the Paris Agreement

Las limitaciones del precio de subasta para su empleo en análisis empíricos

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las limitaciones del precio de subasta para su empleo en análisis empíricos. Para ello se analizarán algunos elementos de las subastas que pueden afectar al precio de subasta obtenido, tales como: la elección del precio de subasta, la elección del modelo de subasta, la forma de realizar una subasta, la forma de efectuar la puja, la existencia del precio de reserva privado y la honestidad de la casa de subastas. Todos ellos y otras limitaciones del precio de subasta muestran que dicho precio no es el idóneo sobre el cual realizar análisis empíricos en el mercado secundario filatélicoThe purpose of this essay is to analyse the limits on the auction price for its empirical study. To this aim are going to be analysed some of the auctions elements that can affect the achieved auction price: the choice of the auction price, the choice of the model of auction, the way the auction is performed, the bidding procedure, the existence of a private reservation price and the honesty of the auction house. All these features, along with other limitations on the auction price, show that this price is not suitable for an empirical investigation of the secondary philatelic market

Teoría económica institucional y creación de empresas

En el presente trabajo se propone que se utilice la Teoría Económica Institucional y más concretamente los planteamientos de Douglass North (1990) como marco teórico para el estudio de los factores que condicionan la creación de empresas. Para ello, se plantea la importancia de las instituciones como determinantes de la actividad económica, se repasa la literatura existente que aplica dicha teoría a la creación de empresas, y se trata de dar respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿por qué aplicar la Teoría Económica Institucional para el estudio de la creación de empresas