Epidemiology of multimorbidity within the Brazilian adult general population:Evidence from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS 2013)

Middle-income countries are facing a growing challenge of adequate health care provision for people with multimorbidity. The objectives of this study were to explore the distribution of multimorbidity and to identify patterns of multimorbidity in the Brazilian general adult population. Data from 60202 adults, aged ≥18 years that completed the individual questionnaire of the National Health Survey 2013 (Portuguese: "Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde"-"PNS") was used. We defined multimorbidity as the presence of two or more chronic conditions, including self-reported diagnoses and responses to the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire for depression. Multivariate Poisson regression analyses were used to explore relationship between multimorbidity and demographic factors. Exploratory tetrachoric factor analysis was performed to identify multimorbidity patterns. 24.2% (95% CI 23.5-24.9) of the study population were multimorbid, with prevalence rate ratios being significantly higher in women, older people and those with lowest educational level. Multimorbidity occurred earlier in women than in men, with half of the women and men aged 55-59 years and 65-69 years, respectively, were multimorbid. The absolute number of people with multimorbidity was approximately 2.5-fold higher in people younger than 65 years than older counterparts (9920 vs 3945). Prevalence rate ratios of any mental health disorder significantly increased with the number of physical conditions. 46.7% of the persons were assigned to at least one of three identified patterns of multimorbidity, including: "cardio-metabolic", "musculoskeletal-mental" and "respiratory" disorders. Multimorbidity in Brazil is as common as in more affluent countries. Women in Brazil develop diseases at younger ages than men. Our findings can inform a national action plan to prevent multimorbidity, reduce its burden and align health-care services more closely with patients' needs

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Tutte le donne di Eracle. Ossimori del tragico nei personaggi femminili di Eracle e Trachinie.

Analisi dei personaggi femminili in Trachinie di Sofocle ed Eracle di Euripid

Pervasive defaunation of forest remnants in a tropical biodiversity hotspot

Tropical deforestation and forest fragmentation are among the most important biodiversity conservation issues worldwide, yet local extinctions of millions of animal and plant populations stranded in unprotected forest remnants remain poorly explained. Here, we report unprecedented rates of local extinctions of medium to large-bodied mammals in one of the world's most important tropical biodiversity hotspots. We scrutinized 8,846 person-years of local knowledge to derive patch occupancy data for 18 mammal species within 196 forest patches across a 252,669-km2 study region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We uncovered a staggering rate of local extinctions in the mammal fauna, with only 767 from a possible 3,528 populations still persisting. On average, forest patches retained 3.9 out of 18 potential species occupancies, and geographic ranges had contracted to 0-14.4% of their former distributions, including five large-bodied species that had been extirpated at a regional scale. Forest fragments were highly accessible to hunters and exposed to edge effects and fires, thereby severely diminishing the predictive power of species-area relationships, with the power model explaining only ~9% of the variation in species richness per patch. Hence, conventional species-area curves provided over-optimistic estimates of species persistence in that most forest fragments had lost species at a much faster rate than predicted by habitat loss alone

Il cinema per la formazione. Argomentazioni pedagogiche e indicazioni didattiche

Nei contesti di insegnamento/apprendimento la proiezione di un intero film o di una parte di esso costituisce un'occasione in cui pi\uf9 soggetti - l'autore o gli autori di cinema, gli attori, il singolo spettatore, il gruppo e il formatore-docente - hanno l'opportunit\ue0 di comunicare tra loro, confrontandosi con valori e significati che possono essere resi fluidi e discutibili, nel senso costruttivo del termine, anche dal lavoro didattico in aula. Per questo il cinema si pu\uf2 sicuramente e a pieno titolo ritenere un possibile strumento di formazione. La coniugazione fra cinema e formazione va per\uf2 colta ed esaminata nella sua problematicit\ue0 e complessit\ue0. Se da un lato il film, in quanto forma d'espressione artistica, chiede un'appropriata preparazione per apprezzarne il valore sotto il profilo estetico e un rispetto che si opponga a forme di utilizzazione indebite e lesive della sua dignit\ue0 e autonomia, dall'altra la sua destinazione a fini di formazione lascia invece spazio ad una possibile progettazione didattica, legittima se opportunamente fondata e giustificata sul piano progettuale e metodologico. Nel volume si cerca di fare il punto sui modi di approccio all'impiego del mezzo filmico nei contesti di formazione, non tralasciando di porre un'attenzione particolare alle risorse e agli strumenti che possano aiutare il formatore a rendere maggiormente efficace il suo operato. Un'azione formativa attraverso il cinema va attentamente pensata sia in ordine agli obiettivi di apprendimento attinenti a precise capacit\ue0 e abilit\ue0 professionali, sia pi\uf9 comprensivamente sul piano della formazione in termini umani. In questo senso il cinema di valore costituisce uno degli universi di significazione maggiormente in grado di guidare verso rinnovati atteggiamenti costruttivi, sia nel lavoro, sia nei quotidiani contesti di vita. L'opera si rivolge a coloro che svolgono la professione di formatore a diverso titolo e nei contesti pi\uf9 vari, dagli ambiti aziendali a quelli maggiormente legati alle dimensioni sociali, istituzionali e quotidiane. La sua lettura pu\uf2 consentire anche al lettore non direttamente interessato all'impiego del film per fini professionali di insegnamento/apprendimento, di apprezzare in modo rinnovato la valenza formativa del cinema

Species-area relationships (SARs) for (a) species richness, (b) a measure of total biomass, and (c) a measure of total species vulnerability for 18 mammal species surveyed at 196 forest patches of the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil.

<p>Solid circles (and corresponding regression lines and 95% confidence intervals) indicate the five existing strictly protected forest areas in the entire study region, for which intercepts were clearly higher. All other data points (gray circles) represent unprotected forest sites.</p

Levels of forest patch occupancy for 18 mammal species surveyed throughout the Atlantic Forest study region of northeastern Brazil.

<p>Species are ordered top to bottom according to increasing level of patch occupancy. Dark-gray bars indicate the proportion of all 196 forest patches occupied by each species (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041671#pone-0041671-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for full Latin and English names), and solid circles indicate the aggregate forest area contained within all occupied patches.</p

Distribution of remaining forest patches across the northern Atlantic Forest study region showing all surveyed forest patches.

<p>For detailed maps see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041671#pone.0041671.s002" target="_blank">Fig. S1</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041671#pone.0041671.s003" target="_blank">S2</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0041671#pone.0041671.s004" target="_blank">S3</a>.</p