900 research outputs found
The Euler-Maruyama approximation for the absorption time of the CEV diffusion
A standard convergence analysis of the simulation schemes for the hitting
times of diffusions typically requires non-degeneracy of their coefficients on
the boundary, which excludes the possibility of absorption. In this paper we
consider the CEV diffusion from the mathematical finance and show how a weakly
consistent approximation for the absorption time can be constructed, using the
Euler-Maruyama scheme
Thermoelectric phenomena via an interacting particle system
We present a mesoscopic model for thermoelectric phenomena in terms of an
interacting particle system, a lattice electron gas dynamics that is a suitable
extension of the standard simple exclusion process. We concentrate on
electronic heat and charge transport in different but connected metallic
substances. The electrons hop between energy-cells located alongside the
spatial extension of the metal wire. When changing energy level, the system
exchanges energy with the environment. At equilibrium the distribution
satisfies the Fermi-Dirac occupation-law. Installing different temperatures at
two connections induces an electromotive force (Seebeck effect) and upon
forcing an electric current, an additional heat flow is produced at the
junctions (Peltier heat). We derive the linear response behavior relating the
Seebeck and Peltier coefficients as an application of Onsager reciprocity. We
also indicate the higher order corrections. The entropy production is
characterized as the anti-symmetric part under time-reversal of the space-time
Lagrangian.Comment: 19 pages, 2 figures, submitted to Journal of Physics
Rectification of thermal fluctuations in ideal gases
We calculate the systematic average speed of the adiabatic piston and a
thermal Brownian motor, introduced in [Van den Broeck, Kawai and Meurs,
\emph{Microscopic analysis of a thermal Brownian motor}, to appear in Phys.
Rev. Lett.], by an expansion of the Boltzmann equation and compare with the
exact numerical solution.Comment: 18 page
Self-Averaging Scaling Limits of Two-Frequency Wigner Distribution for Random Paraxial Waves
Two-frequency Wigner distribution is introduced to capture the asymptotic
behavior of the space-frequency correlation of paraxial waves in the radiative
transfer limits. The scaling limits give rises to deterministic transport-like
equations. Depending on the ratio of the wavelength to the correlation length
the limiting equation is either a Boltzmann-like integral equation or a
Fokker-Planck-like differential equation in the phase space. The solutions to
these equations have a probabilistic representation which can be simulated by
Monte Carlo method. When the medium fluctuates more rapidly in the longitudinal
direction, the corresponding Fokker-Planck-like equation can be solved exactly.Comment: typos correcte
Numerical Modeling of Ophthalmic Response to Space
To investigate ophthalmic changes in spaceflight, we would like to predict the impact of blood dysregulation and elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) on Intraocular Pressure (IOP). Unlike other physiological systems, there are very few lumped parameter models of the eye. The eye model described here is novel in its inclusion of the human choroid and retrobulbar subarachnoid space (rSAS), which are key elements in investigating the impact of increased ICP and ocular blood volume. Some ingenuity was required in modeling the blood and rSAS compartments due to the lack of quantitative data on essential hydrodynamic quantities, such as net choroidal volume and blood flowrate, inlet and exit pressures, and material properties, such as compliances between compartments
Single-crossover dynamics: finite versus infinite populations
Populations evolving under the joint influence of recombination and
resampling (traditionally known as genetic drift) are investigated. First, we
summarise and adapt a deterministic approach, as valid for infinite
populations, which assumes continuous time and single crossover events. The
corresponding nonlinear system of differential equations permits a closed
solution, both in terms of the type frequencies and via linkage disequilibria
of all orders. To include stochastic effects, we then consider the
corresponding finite-population model, the Moran model with single crossovers,
and examine it both analytically and by means of simulations. Particular
emphasis is on the connection with the deterministic solution. If there is only
recombination and every pair of recombined offspring replaces their pair of
parents (i.e., there is no resampling), then the {\em expected} type
frequencies in the finite population, of arbitrary size, equal the type
frequencies in the infinite population. If resampling is included, the
stochastic process converges, in the infinite-population limit, to the
deterministic dynamics, which turns out to be a good approximation already for
populations of moderate size.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
On the uniqueness for the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation with a strong angular singularity
We prove an inequality on the Wasserstein distance with quadratic cost
between two solutions of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation without
angular cutoff, from which we deduce some uniqueness results. In particular, we
obtain a local (in time) well-posedness result in the case of (possibly very)
soft potentials. A global well-posedeness result is shown for all regularized
hard and soft potentials without angular cutoff. Our uniqueness result seems to
be the first one applying to a strong angular singularity, except in the
special case of Maxwell molecules.
Our proof relies on the ideas of Tanaka: we give a probabilistic
interpretation of the Boltzmann equation in terms of a stochastic process. Then
we show how to couple two such processes started with two different initial
conditions, in such a way that they almost surely remain close to each other
A new approach to quantitative propagation of chaos for drift, diffusion and jump processes
This paper is devoted the the study of the mean field limit for many-particle
systems undergoing jump, drift or diffusion processes, as well as combinations
of them. The main results are quantitative estimates on the decay of
fluctuations around the deterministic limit and of correlations between
particles, as the number of particles goes to infinity. To this end we
introduce a general functional framework which reduces this question to the one
of proving a purely functional estimate on some abstract generator operators
(consistency estimate) together with fine stability estimates on the flow of
the limiting nonlinear equation (stability estimates). Then we apply this
method to a Boltzmann collision jump process (for Maxwell molecules), to a
McKean-Vlasov drift-diffusion process and to an inelastic Boltzmann collision
jump process with (stochastic) thermal bath. To our knowledge, our approach
yields the first such quantitative results for a combination of jump and
diffusion processes.Comment: v2 (55 pages): many improvements on the presentation, v3: correction
of a few typos, to appear In Probability Theory and Related Field
The time to extinction for an SIS-household-epidemic model
We analyse a stochastic SIS epidemic amongst a finite population partitioned
into households. Since the population is finite, the epidemic will eventually
go extinct, i.e., have no more infectives in the population. We study the
effects of population size and within household transmission upon the time to
extinction. This is done through two approximations. The first approximation is
suitable for all levels of within household transmission and is based upon an
Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process approximation for the diseases fluctuations about an
endemic level relying on a large population. The second approximation is
suitable for high levels of within household transmission and approximates the
number of infectious households by a simple homogeneously mixing SIS model with
the households replaced by individuals. The analysis, supported by a simulation
study, shows that the mean time to extinction is minimized by moderate levels
of within household transmission
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