22 research outputs found
A Comparison of Airborne In Situ Cloud Microphysical Measurement with Ground-Based C-Band Radar Observations in Deep Stratiform Regions of African Squall Lines
This study addresses clouds with significant ice water content (IWC) in the stratiform regions downwind of the convective cores of African squall lines in the framework of the FrenchâIndian satellite Megha-Tropiques project, observed in August 2010 next to Niamey (13.5°N, 2°E) in the southwestern part of Niger. The objectives included comparing the IWCâZ reflectivity relationship for precipitation radars in deep stratiform anvils, collocating reflectivity observed from ground radar with the calculated reflectivity from in situ microphysics for all aircraft locations inside the radar range, and interpreting the role of large ice crystals in the reflectivity of centimeter radars through analysis of their microphysical characteristics as ice crystals larger than 5 mm frequently occurred. It was found that, in the range of 20â30 dBZ, IWC and C-band reflectivity are not really correlated. Cloud regions with high IWC caused by important crystal number concentrations can lead to the same reflectivity factor as cloud regions with low IWC formed by a few millimeter-sized ice crystals
Study of the diffraction pattern of cloud particles and the respective responses of optical array probes
Optical array probes (OAPs) are classical instrumental
means to derive shape, size, and number concentration of cloud and
precipitation particles from 2-D images. However, recorded 2-D images are
subject to distortion based on the diffraction of light when particles are
imaged out of the object plane of the optical device. This phenomenon highly
affects retrievals of microphysical properties of cloud particles. Previous
studies of this effect mainly focused on spherical droplets. In this study we
propose a theoretical method to compute diffraction patterns of all kinds of
cloud particle shapes in order to simulate the response recorded by an OAP.
To check the validity of this method, a series of experimental measurements
have been performed with a 2D-S probe mounted on a test bench. Measurements
are performed using spinning glass discs with imprinted non-circular opaque
particle shapes.</p
Bi-allelic variants in IPO8 cause a connective tissue disorder associated with cardiovascular defects, skeletal abnormalities, and immune dysregulation.
Dysregulated transforming growth factor TGF-ÎČ signaling underlies the pathogenesis of genetic disorders affecting the connective tissue such as Loeys-Dietz syndrome. Here, we report 12 individuals with bi-allelic loss-of-function variants in IPO8 who presented with a syndromic association characterized by cardio-vascular anomalies, joint hyperlaxity, and various degree of dysmorphic features and developmental delay as well as immune dysregulation; the individuals were from nine unrelated families. Importin 8 belongs to the karyopherin family of nuclear transport receptors and was previously shown to mediate TGF-ÎČ-dependent SMADs trafficking to the nucleus in vitro. The important in vivo role of IPO8 in pSMAD nuclear translocation was demonstrated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated inactivation in zebrafish. Consistent with IPO8's role in BMP/TGF-ÎČ signaling, ipo8-/- zebrafish presented mild to severe dorso-ventral patterning defects during early embryonic development. Moreover, ipo8-/- zebrafish displayed severe cardiovascular and skeletal defects that mirrored the human phenotype. Our work thus provides evidence that IPO8 plays a critical and non-redundant role in TGF-ÎČ signaling during development and reinforces the existing link between TGF-ÎČ signaling and connective tissue defects
Subtelomere organization in the genome of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi: patterns of repeated sequences and physicochemical signatures
Aerosol-Cloud Interaction during the Transition Time Period of Arctic Haze to Clean Summer Conditions
Observation of high ice particule concentrations in convective cells and cloud glaciation evolution
International audienc