202 research outputs found
MODIFICATIONS ON THE NATURAL, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE ANDEAN WORLD SINCE THE XVI CENTURY
La conquista del Nuevo Mundo comprende procesos particulares en los que convergen numerosos factores, tales como la evangelización y el interés personal, los cuales jugaron un importante papel en la descomposición social y económica de la sociedad andina prehispánica. El presente artículo analiza los diferentes factores que precipitaron la conquista española, así como también sus posteriores adaptaciones y mezclas culturales.The New World conquest involves particular processes like the evangelization, the personal profit, they played an important place in the social and economical descomposition of the prehispanic andean society. The following paper analyses the Spanish conquest's differents factors and consecuences, their posterior adaptations and cultural mixes
The insertion/deletion in the DNA-binding region allows the discrimination and subsequent identification of the glucocorticoid receptor 1 (gr1) and gr2 nucleotide sequences in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Standardizing the gr nomenclature for a better understanding of the stress response in teleost fish species
Cortisol carries out its physiological mechanism of action through the recognition by the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) 1 (GR1) and GR2. Previous studies reported that the main difference between gr1 and gr2 nucleotide sequences resides in a 27-nucleotide insertion/deletion in the DNA-binding region, respectively. However, in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) the annotation for gr1 and gr2 seems contradictory. The gr2 sequence possesses the characteristic 27-nucleotide insertion that, in fact, is associated with the gr1 nucleotide sequence. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the nucleotide sequences for the gr1 and gr2 in gilthead sea bream. The Clustal Omega alignment for different fish species corroborated the presence of such 27-nucleotide insertion/deletion in the DNA-binding region for gr1 and gr2, respectively. Then, we design specific primers set for the amplification of the gilthead sea bream gr1 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Importantly, the gr1 nucleotide partial sequence has a high similarity with other gr1 sequences already published for other fish species, being present in all of them the 27-nucleotide insertion in the DNA-binding region. We also detected that in European sea bass the gr1 and gr2 sequences had not been named according to the 27-nucleotide insertion/deletion criteria in the DNA-binding region. Thus, our study makes an urgent call to the scientific community to discuss the establishment of an updated agreement that allows homogenizing the criteria for the nomenclature defining the gr1 and gr2 nucleotide sequences for a better understanding of the stress response in teleost fish species.This study thanks to the AGL2016-76069-C2-2- R, PID2020-117557RB-C21, PID2020-117557RB-C22 grants (AEI-MINECO; Spain). EV-V thanks the support of Fondecyt iniciacion grant (project number 11221308; Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo de Chile, Government of Chile). AK was the recipient of a Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology (Iran) fellowship. MT thanks for the support of the post-doctoral fellowship "Ramon y Cajal" (ref. RYC2019-026841-I) (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion, Spanish Government). FER-L thanks the support of Fondecyt regular grant (project number: 1211841; Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo de Chile, Government of Chile)
Simultaneous obtention of multicomponent ferroalloy and slag from black sands for the development of electrical arc welding consumables
10 páginas, 3 figuras, 8 tablas.[ES] En este trabajo se expone una caracterización química y mineralógica de las arenas negras
del placer Mejías de Sagua de Tánamo, el más importante placer litoral de playa del
noroeste de Cuba Oriental. A partir de estas caracterizaciones se desarrolla una estrategia
de cálculo para la confección de la carga metalúrgica, que permite obtener,
simultáneamente, al ser procesada por reducción carbotérmica en un homo de arco
eléctrico, una ferroaleación multicomponente y una escoria útil para la confección de
consumibles de soldadura por arco eléctrico. El polvo de la escoria obtenida se aglomera
con vidrio líquido. Los pelets resultantes y su comportamiento en la soldadura automática
por arco sumergido (SAW), presentan propiedades metalúrgicas y tecnológicas que
satisfacen los requisitos de una matriz de un fundente aglomerado. La composición química
de la ferroaleación multicomponente está constituida por elementos metálicos: vanadio,
cromo, molibdeno, titanio y niobio (V, Cr, Mo, Ti y Nb) de alto valor metalúrgico y aleante,
apropiada para la formulación de cargas aleantes de consumibles tanto para la soldadura
manual (SMAW) como para la SAW.[EN] In this paper, chemical and mineralogical characterizations of the black sands of the Mejias
placer of Sagua de Tánamo (the most important beach littoral placer of the northwest of
oriental Cuba) are exposed. Starting from these characterizations a calculation strategy is
developed for the making of the metallurgical load that allows to obtain simultaneously,
when processed by carbothermic reduction in an electrical arc furnace, a multicomponent
ferroalloy and a useful slag for the making of electric arch welding consumables. The
powder of the obtained slag is agglomerated with liquid glass. The resulting pellets, due to
their behavior on the submerged arc welding (SAW) present technological and
metallurgical properties that correspond with the requirements of an agglomerated flux
matrix. The chemical composition of the multicomponent ferroalloy is constituted by
metallic elements of high metallurgical and alloyed values (V, Cr, Mo, Ti, Nb). It is
appropriate for the formulation of consumables for manual welding (SMAW) and SAW, as
well.Peer reviewe
In-Network Outlier Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks
To address the problem of unsupervised outlier detection in wireless sensor
networks, we develop an approach that (1) is flexible with respect to the
outlier definition, (2) computes the result in-network to reduce both bandwidth
and energy usage,(3) only uses single hop communication thus permitting very
simple node failure detection and message reliability assurance mechanisms
(e.g., carrier-sense), and (4) seamlessly accommodates dynamic updates to data.
We examine performance using simulation with real sensor data streams. Our
results demonstrate that our approach is accurate and imposes a reasonable
communication load and level of power consumption.Comment: Extended version of a paper appearing in the Int'l Conference on
Distributed Computing Systems 200
Procesos de separación magnética y electrostática de tierras raras: caso de estudio Proyecto Capacsaya, norte del Cusco
En este trabajo presentamos los avances realizados en la puesta en funcionamiento y optimización de dos técnicas utilizadas en el proceso de obtención de TRs en 20 muestras del proyecto, las cuales fueron seleccionadas de acuerdo a su alto contenido en TRs. En la primera etapa, para la obtención de los materiales magnéticos, se desarrollaron dos técnicas: (i) la separación magnética (Oberteuffer, 1974) y (ii) la separación electrostática (Wu 2009)
Differential Modulation of igT and igM upon Parasitic, Bacterial, Viral, and Dietary challenges in a Perciform Fish
16 páginas, 8 figuras, 2 tablas.-- This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these termsThree different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes can be found in teleost fish, IgM, IgD, and
the teleost-specific IgT. IgM is considered to have a systemic activity, and IgT is attributed
a mucosal role, similar to mammalian IgA. In this study, the complete sequence of gilthead
sea bream IgM and IgT in their membrane (m) and soluble (s) forms are described
for the first time in a perciform fish. Their constitutive gene expression is analyzed in
different tissues, and their regulation upon viral, bacterial, parasitic, mucosal vaccination
and dietary challenges are studied. GCB IgM and IgT have the prototypical structure
when compared to other fish Igs. The constitutive expression of sIgM was the highest
overall in all tissues, whereas mIgT expression was highest in mucosal tissues, such
as gills and intestine. IgM and IgT were differentially regulated upon infection. IgT was
highly upregulated locally upon infection with the intestinal parasite Enteromyxum leei or
systemically after Nodavirus infection. Long-term intestinal parasitic infections increased
the serum titer of both isotypes. Mucosal vaccination against Photobacterium damselae
subsp. piscicida finely regulated the Ig response inducing a systemic increase of IgM
titers in serum and a local IgT response in skin mucus when animals were exposed to
the pathogen by bath challenge. Interestingly, plant-based diets inhibit IgT upregulation
upon intestinal parasitic challenge, which was related to a worse disease outcome. All
these results corroborate the mucosal role of IgT and emphasize the importance of a
finely tuned regulation of Ig isotypes upon infection, which could be of special interest in
vaccination studiesThis work has been carried out with financial support from by the Spanish MINECO under projects AGL2013-48560-R to JP-S and AS-B and AGL2014-51773-C3-3-R to EG-C. Additional funding was provided by the European Union, through the Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement 634429 (ParaFishControl) and through the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7) under grant 311993 (TARGETFISH). Additional support was provided by Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/085). MCP was supported by the Spanish grant Formación Postdoctoral 2013 (FPDI-2013-15741). We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).Peer reviewe
Is My Network Module Preserved and Reproducible?
In many applications, one is interested in determining which of the properties of a network module change across conditions. For example, to validate the existence of a module, it is desirable to show that it is reproducible (or preserved) in an independent test network. Here we study several types of network preservation statistics that do not require a module assignment in the test network. We distinguish network preservation statistics by the type of the underlying network. Some preservation statistics are defined for a general network (defined by an adjacency matrix) while others are only defined for a correlation network (constructed on the basis of pairwise correlations between numeric variables). Our applications show that the correlation structure facilitates the definition of particularly powerful module preservation statistics. We illustrate that evaluating module preservation is in general different from evaluating cluster preservation. We find that it is advantageous to aggregate multiple preservation statistics into summary preservation statistics. We illustrate the use of these methods in six gene co-expression network applications including 1) preservation of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in mouse tissues, 2) comparison of human and chimpanzee brain networks, 3) preservation of selected KEGG pathways between human and chimpanzee brain networks, 4) sex differences in human cortical networks, 5) sex differences in mouse liver networks. While we find no evidence for sex specific modules in human cortical networks, we find that several human cortical modules are less preserved in chimpanzees. In particular, apoptosis genes are differentially co-expressed between humans and chimpanzees. Our simulation studies and applications show that module preservation statistics are useful for studying differences between the modular structure of networks. Data, R software and accompanying tutorials can be downloaded from the following webpage: http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/labs/horvath/CoexpressionNetwork/ModulePreservation
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