β-Cyclo­dextrin 10.41-hydrate

The crystal structure of β-cyclo­dextrin, C42H70O35·10.41H2O, consists of truncated cone-shaped β-cyclo­dextrin mol­ecules that are herringbone packed. The primary hydr­oxy groups form an intra­molecular hydrogen-bonded array. The semipolar cavity of the cyclo­dextrin host is filled with water mol­ecules, which show partial occupancy and disorder

(R)-Di-tert-butyl 1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dicarboxyl­ate

The crystal structure of the title compound, C30H30O4, comprises two crystallographically independent half-mol­ecules which are completed by crystallographic twofold symmetry. The dihedral angles between the naphthalene ring planes are 85.83 (3) and 83.69 (3)° for the two molecules. The atoms of the tert-butyl group of one mol­ecule are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.60:0.40. The crystal packing is achieved via π–π stacking inter­actions between the naphthyl groups of adjacent mol­ecules, with a separation of 3.790 (1) Å between the centroids of the rings

cis-Bis(nitrato-κ2 O,O′)bis­(triethyl­phosphine oxide-κO)nickel(II)

In the title compound, [Ni(NO3)2(C6H15OP)2], the NiII ion, lying on a crystallographic twofold axis, adopts a distorted octa­hedral coordination, consisting of O-donor atoms of two symmetry-related triethyl­phospine oxide and two bidentate nitrate ligands

Redetermination of cyclo-tetra­kis­(μ-5,10,15,20-tetra-4-pyridyl­porphyrinato)tetra­zinc(II) dimethyl­formamide octa­solvate trihydrate at 100 K

The structure of the title compound, [Zn4(C40H24N8)4]·8C3H7NO·3H2O, has been redetermined at 100 K. The redetermination is of significantly higher precision and gives further insight into the disorder of pyridyl groups and solvent mol­ecules. The mol­ecules of (5,10,15,20-tetra-4-pyridyl­porphyrinato)zinc(II) (ZnTPyP) form homomolecular cyclic tetra­mers by coordination of a peripheral pyridyl group to the central Zn atom of an adjacent symmetry-related mol­ecule. The tetra­mer so formed exhibits mol­ecular S 4 symmetry and is located about a crystallographic fourfold rotoinversion axis. Severely disordered dimethyl­formamide and water mol­ecules are present in the crystal, the contributions of which were omitted from refinement. Inter­molecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonding is observed

Media Entrepreneurship:A Consensual Definition

Media Entrepreneurship has been an ambiguous, unclear and controversial concept and despite of growing academic efforts in the last decade, it is still a poorly defined subject. This paper is an effort to fill this gap by providing a comprehensive definition of media entrepreneurship. Firstly, a literature review conducted and entrepreneurship, media, opportunity and innovation as building blocks of media entrepreneurship explained. Then by using of a mixed of bibliographic method and a Delphi method with multi-stage analysis process, a consensual definition of media entrepreneurship proposed. This definition integrates some key features of the emerging media environment such as distinction of content and platform, value delivery, opportunity development, non-monetary benefit, etc. It is expected that the findings of this research clear the ground for further researches in the field of media entrepreneurshipEl emprendimiento mediático ha sido un concepto ambiguo, confuso y controversial y a pesar de los crecientes esfuerzos académicos de la última década, sigue siendo una materia de estudio no muy bien definida. Este artículo es un esfuerzo por llenar esta brecha al proveer una definición amplia sobre el emprendimiento mediático. En primer lugar, se lleva a cabo una revisión de la literatura y se ponen el em- prendimiento, los medios de comunicación, las oportunidades y la innovación como elementos básicos de la explicación del emprendimiento mediático. Luego, utilizando un método bibliográfico combinado y un método Delphi con un proceso de análisis de múltiples etapas, se propone una definición consen- suada del emprendimiento mediático. Esta definición integra algunas de las principales características del naciente entorno mediático tales como la distinción entre “contenido” y “plataforma”, “valor entre- gado”, “desarrollo de oportunidad”, “beneficio no monetario”, etc. Se espera que los hallazgos de esta investigación allanen el camino para futuros investigadores en el campo del emprendimiento mediátic

Advanced numerical characterization of a wave-mixed bioreactor used in the biopharmaceutical industry

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Di-μ-chlorido-bis­{aqua­chlorido[2,2′-thio­bis(pyridine N-oxide)-κO]copper(II)}

The crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu2Cl4(C10H8N2O2S)2(H2O)2], comprises neutral centrosymmetric μ-chloride-bridged dinuclear units. Each CuII ion is penta­coordinated by three chloride ligands, a pyridine N-oxide O atom and a water mol­ecule. Intra- and inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur between the coordinated water mol­ecules and the uncoordinated and coordinated pyridine N-oxide groups of the 2,2′-thio­bis(pyridine N-oxide) ligands, respectively

Bis[(E)-4-(hydroxy­imino­meth­yl)pyridinium] oxalate

The formula unit of the title compound, 2C6H7N2O+·C2O4 2−, comprises two symmetry-equivalent 4-(hydroxy­imino­meth­yl)­pyridinium cations on general positions, linked through hydrogen bonding via an oxalate anion that resides on a crystallographic centre of symmetry. The crystal structure consists of infinite chains of cations and oxalate anions directed by O—H⋯O and multicentre N—H⋯O inter­molecular hydrogen-bonding inter­actions

Determination of culture design spaces in shaken disposable cultivation systems for CHO suspension cell cultures

Processes involving mammalian cell cultures - especially CHO suspension cells - dominate biopharmaceutical manufacturing. These processes are usually developed in small scale orbitally shaken cultivation systems, and thoroughly characterizing these cultivation systems is crucial to their application in research and the subsequent scale-up to production processes. With the knowledge of process engineering parameters such as oxygen transfer rate, mixing time, and power input, in combination with the demands set by the biological production system, biomass growth and product yields can be anticipated and even increased. However, the available data sources for orbitally shaken cultivation systems are often incomplete and thus not sufficient enough to generate suitable cultivation requirements. Furthermore, process engineering knowledge is inapplicable if it is not linked to the physiological demands of the cells. In the current study, a simple yet comprehensive approach for the characterization and design space prediction of orbitally shaken single-use cultivation systems is presented, including the “classical” Erlenmeyer shake flask, the cylindrical TubeSpin bioreactor and the alternately designed Optimum Growth flask. Cultivations were performed inside and outside the design space to validate the defined culture conditions, so that cultivation success (desired specific growth rates and viable cell densities) could be achieved for each cultivation system

Computational Fluid Dynamics for Advanced Characterisation of Bioreactors Used in the Biopharmaceutical Industry: Part II: Case Studies

The first part of this series on characterisation of bioreactors in the biopharmaceutical industry using computational fluid dynamics presented a literature review to illustrate how characterisation can be performed and which process engineering parameters can be determined using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In addition, experimental validation methods were presented, and an overview of typical hardware and software was also provided. In this second part, a selection of the authors’ research results will be used to demonstrate how the process characterisation of mechanically driven bioreactors for the biopharmaceutical industry can be determined with CFD and then experimentally validated. Three stirred tank bioreactors with different filling volumes and stirrers were used to demonstrate power input and oxygen transfer in single- and two-phase simulations. For wave-mixed and orbitally shaken systems, the fluid flow was transiently simulated and experimentally validated. In addition, the power input was also determined for both systems