525 research outputs found
Irreversibility on the Level of Single-Electron Tunneling
We present a low-temperature experimental test of the fluctuation theorem for
electron transport through a double quantum dot. The rare entropy-consuming
system trajectories are detected in the form of single charges flowing against
the source-drain bias by using time-resolved charge detection with a quantum
point contact. We find that these trajectories appear with a frequency that
agrees with the theoretical predictions even under strong nonequilibrium
conditions, when the finite bandwidth of the charge detection is taken into
account
Quantum dot occupation and electron dwell time in the cotunneling regime
We present comparative measurements of the charge occupation and conductance
of a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dot. The dot charge is measured with a capacitively
coupled quantum point contact sensor. In the single-level Coulomb blockade
regime near equilibrium, charge and conductance signals are found to be
proportional to each other. We conclude that in this regime, the two signals
give equivalent information about the quantum dot system. Out of equilibrium,
we study the inelastic-cotunneling regime. We compare the measured differential
dot charge with an estimate assuming a dwell time of transmitted carriers on
the dot given by h/E, where E is the blockade energy of first-order tunneling.
The measured signal is of a similar magnitude as the estimate, compatible with
a picture of cotunneling as transmission through a virtual intermediate state
with a short lifetime
Condensation in Globally Coupled Populations of Chaotic Dynamical Systems
The condensation transition, leading to complete mutual synchronization in
large populations of globally coupled chaotic Roessler oscillators, is
investigated. Statistical properties of this transition and the cluster
structure of partially condensed states are analyzed.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures, revte
A virtual intersubband spin-flip spin-orbit coupling induced spin relaxation in GaAs (110) quantum wells
A spin relaxation mechanism is proposed based on a second-order spin-flip
intersubband spin-orbit coupling together with the spin-conserving scattering.
The corresponding spin relaxation time is calculated via the Fermi golden rule.
It is shown that this mechanism is important in symmetric GaAs (110) quantum
wells with high impurity density. The dependences of the spin relaxation time
on electron density, temperature and well width are studied with the underlying
physics analyzed.Comment: 4+ pages, 4 figures, to be published in Solid Stat. Commu
Experimental Separation of Rashba and Dresselhaus Spin-Splittings in Semiconductor Quantum Wells
The relative strengths of Rashba and Dresselhaus terms describing the
spin-orbit coupling in semiconductor quantum well (QW) structures are extracted
from photocurrent measurements on n-type InAs QWs containing a two-dimensional
electron gas (2DEG). This novel technique makes use of the angular distribution
of the spin-galvanic effect at certain directions of spin orientation in the
plane of a QW. The ratio of the relevant Rashba and Dresselhaus coefficients
can be deduced directly from experiment and does not relay on theoretically
obtained quantities. Thus our experiments open a new way to determine the
different contributions to spin-orbit coupling
Optical creation of vibrational intrinsic localized modes in anharmonic lattices with realistic interatomic potentials
Using an efficient optimal control scheme to determine the exciting fields,
we theoretically demonstrate the optical creation of vibrational intrinsic
localized modes (ILMs) in anharmonic perfect lattices with realistic
interatomic potentials. For systems with finite size, we show that ILMs can be
excited directly by applying a sequence of femtosecond visible laser pulses at
THz repetition rates. For periodic lattices, ILMs can be created indirectly via
decay of an unstable extended lattice mode which is excited optically either by
a sequence of pulses as described above or by a single picosecond far-infrared
laser pulse with linearly chirped frequency. In light of recent advances in
experimental laser pulse shaping capabilities, the approach is experimentally
promising.Comment: 20 pages, 7 eps figures. Accepted, Phys. Rev.
Spin Orientation of Holes in Quantum Wells
This paper reviews the spin orientation of spin-3/2 holes in quantum wells.
We discuss the Zeeman and Rashba spin splitting in hole systems that are
qualitatively different from their counterparts in electron systems. We show
how a systematic understanding of the unusual spin-dependent phenomena in hole
systems can be gained using a multipole expansion of the spin density matrix.
As an example we discuss spin precession in hole systems that can give rise to
an alternating spin polarization. Finally, we discuss the qualitatively
different regimes of hole spin polarization decay in clean and dirty samples.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figure
Quantum Breathers in a Nonlinear Lattice
We study nonlinear phonon excitations in a one-dimensional quantum nonlinear
lattice model using numerical exact diagonalization. We find that multi-phonon
bound states exist as eigenstates which are natural counterparts of breather
solutions of classical nonlinear systems. In a translationally invariant
system, these quantum breather states form particle-like bands and are
characterized by a finite correlation length. The dynamic structure factor has
significant intensity for the breather states, with a corresponding quenching
of the neighboring bands of multi-phonon extended states.Comment: 4 pages, RevTex, 4 postscript figures, Physical Relview Letters (in
press
Clinical phenotype of adolescent and adult patients with extracranial vascular malformation.
BACKGROUND
In recent years, genotypic characterization of congenital vascular malformations (CVM) has gained attention; however, the spectrum of clinical phenotype remains difficult to attribute to a genetic cause and is rarely described in the adult population.
AIM
The aim of this study is to describe a consecutive series of adolescent and adult patients in a tertiary center, where a multimodal phenotypic approach was used for diagnosis.
METHODS
We analyzed clinical findings, imaging, and laboratory results at initial presentation, and set a diagnosis according to the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification for all consecutively registered patients older than 14 years of age who were referred to the Center for Vascular Malformations at the University Hospital of Bern between 2008 and 2021.
RESULTS
457 patients were included for analysis (mean age 35 years; females 56%). Simple CVMs were the most common (n=361, 79 %), followed by CVM associated with other anomalies (n=70, 15%), and combined CVM (n=26, 6%). Venous malformations (n=238) were the most common CVM overall (52%), and the most common simple CVM (66%). Pain was the most frequently reported symptom in all patients (simple, combined and vascular malformation with other anomalies). Pain intensity was more pronounced in simple venous and arteriovenous malformation. Clinical problems were related to the type of CVM diagnosed, with bleeding and skin ulceration in arteriovenous malformations, localized intravascular coagulopathy in venous malformations and infectious complications in lymphatic malformations. Limb length difference occurred more often in patients with CVM associated with other anomalies as compared to simple or combined CVM (22.9 vs 2.3%, p< 0.001). Soft tissue overgrowth was seen in one quarter of all patients independent of the ISSVA group.
CONCLUSIONS
In our adult and adolescent population with peripheral vascular malformations, simple venous malformations predominated, with pain as the most common clinical symptom. In a quarter of cases, patients with vascular malformations presented with associated anomalies on tissue growth. The differentiation of clinical presentation with or without accompanying growth abnormalities need to be added to the ISSVA classification. Phenotypic characterization considering vascular and non-vascular features remains the cornerstone of diagnosis in adult-as well as pediatric patients
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