Diseño de un sistema de tratamiento para las aguas residuales del camal municipal del cantón Girón

El camal municipal de Girón dispone de un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales con una rejilla y dos tanques para separar sólidos, esto resulta insuficiente para un adecuado tratamiento del efluente. Por esto, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo desarrollar el diseño de una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) para este camal. Para ello, se realizó un muestreo en tres campañas y una caracterización del agua residual en laboratorio, los parámetros analizados fueron: sólidos suspendidos totales (SST), nitrógeno total (NT), fósforo total (P), demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO5), demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), grasas y aceites, coliformes fecales (CF) y coliformes totales (CT), estos datos fueron comparados con la normativa ambiental TULSMA. A través de literatura se establecieron eficiencias de remoción teóricas (ERT) para cada parámetro. Utilizando información del espacio físico disponible y del crecimiento poblacional se dimensionaron y diseñaron tres opciones de tratamiento. La caracterización del efluente mostró que, los parámetros: CF (1.20E+04NMP/100ml), DBO5 (13mg/l), DQO (214 mg/l), SST (1200mg/l) sobrepasan el límite permisible normado, que establece: remoción mayor al 99.9%, 50mg/l, 100mg/l, 80mg/l, respectivamente. Finalmente, según las ERT y eficiencias calculadas en CapdetWorks se estableció que la opción de tratamiento 3 (rejillas, tanque de igualamiento, trampa de grasas, coagulación/floculación y reactor anaerobio de flujo ascendente) es la adecuada, ya que ocupa un área de 23.03m 2, siendo el área utilizable en el establecimiento (34.73m 2 ), además, siendo la DBO5 el parámetro base para el diseño, esta opción presentó alta eficiencia de remoción (94.20% calculada y 86.74% modelada).Girón’s municipal slaughterhouse has a wastewater treatment system with a grid and two tanks for solids separation, which is not enough for a proper effluent treatment. Because of it, this work’s objective was to develop a design proposal for a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) for this slaughterhouse. In order to that, three sampling campaigns and a characterization of the wastewater in the laboratory were carried on, the analyzed parameters were: total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (NT), total phosphorus (P), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), fats and oils, fecal coliforms (FC) and total coliforms (TC), these data were compared with the TULSMA environmental regulations. Through the bibliographic review, theoretical removal efficiencies were established, according to the treatment unit. Using the information of the physical space available in the establishment and the population growth, three different treatment options were sized and designed. The effluent characterization showed that the parameters: FC (1.20E+04NMP/100ml), BOD5 (13mg/l), COD (214 mg/l), TSS (1200mg/l) CF, exceeded the regulated permissible limit, which stablishes: FC (1.20E+04NMP/100ml), BOD5 (13mg/l), COD (214 mg/l), TSS (1200mg/l) respectively. Finally, according to the theoretical removal efficiencies and those calculated with CapdetWorks, it was established that the number 3 treatment option (grids, equalization tank, grease trap, coagulation/flocculation and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket 'UASB') is the adequate, since it occupies an area of 23.03 m2, which is within the usable area in the establishment (34.73 m2), in addition to the fact that BOD5 is the base parameter for the design, this option presented a high BOD5 removal efficiency (94.20% calculated and 86.74% modeled).0000-0002-9274-9769Ingeniero AmbientalCuenc

Parallel altitudinal clines reveal trends in adaptive evolution of genome size in \u3ci\u3eZea mays\u3c/i\u3e

While the vast majority of genome size variation in plants is due to differences in repetitive sequence, we know little about how selection acts on repeat content in natural populations. Here we investigate parallel changes in intraspecific genome size and repeat content of domesticated maize (Zea mays) landraces and their wild relative teosinte across altitudinal gradients in Mesoamerica and South America. We combine genotyping, low coverage whole-genome sequence data, and flow cytometry to test for evidence of selection on genome size and individual repeat abundance. We find that population structure alone cannot explain the observed variation, implying that clinal patterns of genome size are maintained by natural selection. Our modeling additionally provides evidence of selection on individual heterochromatic knob repeats, likely due to their large individual contribution to genome size. To better understand the phenotypes driving selection on genome size, we conducted a growth chamber experiment using a population of highland teosinte exhibiting extensive variation in genome size. We find weak support for a positive correlation between genome size and cell size, but stronger support for a negative correlation between genome size and the rate of cell production. Reanalyzing published data of cell counts in maize shoot apical meristems, we then identify a negative correlation between cell production rate and flowering time. Together, our data suggest a model in which variation in genome size is driven by natural selection on flowering time across altitudinal clines, connecting intraspecific variation in repetitive sequence to important differences in adaptive phenotypes

Parallel altitudinal clines reveal trends in adaptive evolution of genome size in \u3ci\u3eZea mays\u3c/i\u3e

While the vast majority of genome size variation in plants is due to differences in repetitive sequence, we know little about how selection acts on repeat content in natural populations. Here we investigate parallel changes in intraspecific genome size and repeat content of domesticated maize (Zea mays) landraces and their wild relative teosinte across altitudinal gradients in Mesoamerica and South America. We combine genotyping, low coverage whole-genome sequence data, and flow cytometry to test for evidence of selection on genome size and individual repeat abundance. We find that population structure alone cannot explain the observed variation, implying that clinal patterns of genome size are maintained by natural selection. Our modeling additionally provides evidence of selection on individual heterochromatic knob repeats, likely due to their large individual contribution to genome size. To better understand the phenotypes driving selection on genome size, we conducted a growth chamber experiment using a population of highland teosinte exhibiting extensive variation in genome size. We find weak support for a positive correlation between genome size and cell size, but stronger support for a negative correlation between genome size and the rate of cell production. Reanalyzing published data of cell counts in maize shoot apical meristems, we then identify a negative correlation between cell production rate and flowering time. Together, our data suggest a model in which variation in genome size is driven by natural selection on flowering time across altitudinal clines, connecting intraspecific variation in repetitive sequence to important differences in adaptive phenotypes

Parallel altitudinal clines reveal trends in adaptive evolution of genome size in Zea mays.

While the vast majority of genome size variation in plants is due to differences in repetitive sequence, we know little about how selection acts on repeat content in natural populations. Here we investigate parallel changes in intraspecific genome size and repeat content of domesticated maize (Zea mays) landraces and their wild relative teosinte across altitudinal gradients in Mesoamerica and South America. We combine genotyping, low coverage whole-genome sequence data, and flow cytometry to test for evidence of selection on genome size and individual repeat abundance. We find that population structure alone cannot explain the observed variation, implying that clinal patterns of genome size are maintained by natural selection. Our modeling additionally provides evidence of selection on individual heterochromatic knob repeats, likely due to their large individual contribution to genome size. To better understand the phenotypes driving selection on genome size, we conducted a growth chamber experiment using a population of highland teosinte exhibiting extensive variation in genome size. We find weak support for a positive correlation between genome size and cell size, but stronger support for a negative correlation between genome size and the rate of cell production. Reanalyzing published data of cell counts in maize shoot apical meristems, we then identify a negative correlation between cell production rate and flowering time. Together, our data suggest a model in which variation in genome size is driven by natural selection on flowering time across altitudinal clines, connecting intraspecific variation in repetitive sequence to important differences in adaptive phenotypes

Parallel altitudinal clines reveal trends in adaptive evolution of genome size in <i>Zea mays</i>

<div><p>While the vast majority of genome size variation in plants is due to differences in repetitive sequence, we know little about how selection acts on repeat content in natural populations. Here we investigate parallel changes in intraspecific genome size and repeat content of domesticated maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) landraces and their wild relative teosinte across altitudinal gradients in Mesoamerica and South America. We combine genotyping, low coverage whole-genome sequence data, and flow cytometry to test for evidence of selection on genome size and individual repeat abundance. We find that population structure alone cannot explain the observed variation, implying that clinal patterns of genome size are maintained by natural selection. Our modeling additionally provides evidence of selection on individual heterochromatic knob repeats, likely due to their large individual contribution to genome size. To better understand the phenotypes driving selection on genome size, we conducted a growth chamber experiment using a population of highland teosinte exhibiting extensive variation in genome size. We find weak support for a positive correlation between genome size and cell size, but stronger support for a negative correlation between genome size and the rate of cell production. Reanalyzing published data of cell counts in maize shoot apical meristems, we then identify a negative correlation between cell production rate and flowering time. Together, our data suggest a model in which variation in genome size is driven by natural selection on flowering time across altitudinal clines, connecting intraspecific variation in repetitive sequence to important differences in adaptive phenotypes.</p></div

Parallel altitudinal clines reveal trends in adaptive evolution of genome size in <i>Zea mays</i> - Fig 3

<p>(A,B) Posterior densities of effects of genome size on cell size and cell production rate (<i>γ</i>_<i>GS</i> and <i>β</i>_<i>GS</i>, respectively) from a model with prior mean stomatal cell size of 30 microns and leaf elongation rate of 4cm/day. (C) Linear regression of flowering time and SAM cell number across inbred maize accessions. Measurements for cell number are shown for each of three growth phases (G1, G2, G3). Data from Leiboff <i>et al</i>. [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1007162#pgen.1007162.ref041" target="_blank">41</a>].</p

Genome size and repeat content by altitude in <i>Zea</i> taxa.

<p>(A-D) Maize landraces from Mesoamerica (MA) or South America (SA). (E-H) Highland teosinte <i>Z. mays</i> ssp. <i>mexicana</i>. Only teosinte populations above 2000m that do not show admixture (see text) are included. (A,E) total genome size, (B,F) total transposable element content, (C,G) 180bp knob repeat content, (D,H) TR1 knob repeat content. Dashed lines represent the best fit linear regression.</p