Análisis de las Estrategias Metodológicas implementadas por el docente en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje en la disciplina de Geografía e Historia de Nicaragua y su Didáctica en los alumnos/as de Primer año “B” del turno regular de Formación Inicial Docente en la Escuela Normal Central de Managua Alesio Blandón Juárez durante el I semestre del Curso Escolar 2016

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad analizar la efectividad que tienen las Estrategias Metodológicas implementadas por el docente en el desarrollo del proceso de enseñanza- aprendizaje en la disciplina de Geografía de Nicaragua y su Didáctica en los alumnos/as de Primer año “B” del turno regular de Formación Inicial Docente en la Escuela Normal Central de Managua Alesio Blandón Juárez durante el I semestre del Curso Escolar 2016. Dicho trabajo de investigación tiene un enfoque naturista o cualitativo, es una vía de transformación social, a través de la cual el ser humano descubre la realidad que le rodea, determina los medios y procedimientos para actuar sobre ella y transformarla de acuerdo a una intensión social. Los procesos de investigación cualitativa, tienen como finalidad primordial la generación y construcción de conocimientos que contribuyen al desarrollo social y personal de cada uno de los miembros de una comunidad. La fase de recolección de los datos de la investigación desarrollada, se realizó de dos formas: una información que se recogió mediante la observación directa del comportamiento de los informantes claves y una información que se obtuvo mediante la interrogación de algunos informantes claves. Para ello, primeramente el investigador realizo una inmersión en el campo de trabajo, con el propósito de identificar los lugares adecuados para recoger y producir la información necesaria y requerid

Desafios da contracepção juvenil: interseções entre gênero, sexualidade e saúde Challenges of youth contraception: intersections between gender, sexuality and health

Este artigo aborda, sob uma perspectiva socioantropológica, os desafios postos aos jovens na gestão da vida afetivo-sexual, no que tange à prevenção de gravidez imprevista. Discute algumas dificuldades por eles encontradas no manejo da contracepção, no decorrer de suas trajetórias afetivo-sexuais, identificando situações propensas à não-utilização de métodos anticonceptivos (MAC). Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, cujo material empírico agrupa 73 entrevistas em profundidade, com jovens de ambos os sexos, de 18 a 24 anos de idade, provenientes de três capitais do país (Salvador, Rio de Janeiro e Porto Alegre) e de dois segmentos sociais (popular e médio), que passaram por ao menos um episódio de gravidez na adolescência. A análise temática dos dados reúne elementos afins e recorrentes nas narrativas juvenis, além dos contrastes de gênero e classe social. Os resultados relativos às dificuldades dos jovens de usar continuamente os MAC foram agrupados em eixos temáticos: contexto do relacionamento; relação com a família no que tange à sexualidade; efeitos colaterais dos métodos hormonais; descuido com a contracepção; dificuldades dos serviços de saúde; “falha” dos MAC; forte concepção da paternidade nos segmentos populares; uso de preservativo com parceiras “desconhecidas”; uso de coito interrompido, sem conhecimento do ciclo menstrual da parceira.<br>This paper shows, from a social anthropological perspective, the challenges faced by young people in managing their sexual and affective lives, when it comes to preventing unexpected pregnancy. It aims to discuss some of the difficulties young people have when dealing with contraception along their sexual and affective lives and also to identify circumstances in which they tend not to use contraceptive methods. A qualitative research is presented, in which empirical data consists of 73 in-depth interviews with young people of both sex, with age ranging from 18 to 24, living in three state capitals in Brazil (Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre), and inserted in two social segments (popular and intermediate), who went through at least one experience of teenage pregnancy. A thematic analysis of data was adopted in order to assemble similar and repeated elements in the testimonies of the young people interviewed as well as to assemble the contrasts of gender and social segments. Results that reveal the difficulties of young people in adopting a continued use of contraceptive methods were listed according to the following themes: relationship context; relationship with the family regarding sexuality; side effects of hormonal anticonceptive methods; negligence with contraception; problems with health services; “failure” of contraceptive methods; a strong sense of fatherhood found in the popular segments; use of condoms with “unknown” female partners; withdrawal with no knowledge of the partner menstrual cycle

Uso de métodos contraceptivos entre mulheres com vida sexual ativa em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Use of contraceptive methods by sexually active women in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional em São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com objetivo de analisar o uso de métodos contraceptivos. A amostra envolveu 867 mulheres de 20 a 60 anos com vida sexual ativa. Entre as mulheres que referiram atividade sexual, 627 (61,1%) referiram utilizar algum método contraceptivo. Entre as mulheres de 20 a 49 anos, 48,8% referiram utilizar anticoncepcionais orais; 18,7%, ligadura tubária; 17,3%, preservativos masculinos; e 7,3%, dispositivo intra-uterino. Entre as 186 mulheres de 50 a 60 anos que referiram vida sexual ativa, o método mais prevalente foi a ligadura tubária com 79,6%. Foi observada uma modificação de efeito em relação à prevalência de anticoncepcionais orais, idade e escolaridade, evidenciando uma menor prevalência nas mulheres de 20 a 29 anos e com baixa escolaridade. Assim, os achados da análise em São Leopoldo apontam para uma diversidade na prevalência do uso de métodos contraceptivos, inclusive não fazendo distinção na ocorrência de laqueadura tubária de acordo com variáveis sócio-econômicas, mas ainda revelam a necessidade de propiciar-se escolhas tecnicamente mais adequadas às mulheres mais jovens e com baixa escolaridade.<br>In 2003, a population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the urban area of São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The sample included 867 sexually active women from 20 to 60 years of age. The objective was to describe the use of contraceptive methods. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The study analyzed the prevalence of contraceptive use and socioeconomic variables in women reporting an active sex life (84.5%), stratified by age groups. Some 627 (61.1%) women reported use of contraceptive methods. In the 20-49-year old group, 48.8% reported using oral contraceptives, 18.7% tubal ligation, 17.3% condoms, and 7.3% IUDs. In the 50-60-year old group, the most widely used method was tubal ligation (79.6%). Regarding tubal ligation, the schooling variable showed a linear trend, that is, women with less schooling showed a higher prevalence. Prevalence of oral contraception was higher in low-income women

Antibodies to adult human endothelial cells cross-react with oxidized low-density lipoprotein and β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) in systemic lupus erythematosus

Cardiovascular manifestations are common in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is implicated in cardiovascular disease, especially atherosclerosis, and cross-reacts with antibodies to cardiolipin (aCL). β2-GPI is a plasma protein participating in the coagulating cascade, and is also cofactor for aCL, and some aCL have been shown to be directed against β2-GPI and/or complexes between β2-GPI and phospholipids. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a phospholipid present both in oxLDL and in damaged endothelium, and we recently showed that LPC is involved in the antigenicity of oxLDL. Antibodies to endothelial cells (aEC) correlate with disease activity in SLE and vasculitis, and we recently showed that aEC are enhanced in cardiovascular diseases such as borderline hypertension and early atherosclerosis. aEC were determined using EC from adult V. Saphena Magna. Antibody levels were determined by ELISA. aEC of IgG type were enhanced in 184 patients with SLE compared with 85 healthy controls. There was a close correlation between aoxLDL, aCL, aLPC, aβ2-GPI and aEC. Binding of sera to EC was competitively inhibited by β2-GPI, LPC and oxLDL. Taken together, the data indicate that EC share antigenic epitopes with β2-GPI and with oxLDL, especially LPC. Phospholipids in EC membranes may thus be antigenic epitopes. β2-GPI may bind to these phospholipids, and become an autoantigen. LPC is formed by oxidation of phospholipids and/or proinflammatory factors leading to activation of phospholipase A2, and the findings indicate the potential role of both lipid oxidation and phospholipase A2 in SLE