13 research outputs found
Astrocytes in functional recovery following central nervous system injuries
Astrocytes are increasingly recognised as partaking in complex homeostatic mechanisms critical for regulating neuronal plasticity following central nervous system (CNS) insults. Ischaemic stroke and traumatic brain injury are associated with high rates of disability and mortality. Depending on the context and type of injury, reactive astrocytes respond with diverse morphological, proliferative and functional changes collectively known as astrogliosis, which results in both pathogenic and protective effects. There is a large body of research on the negative consequences of astrogliosis following brain injuries. There is also growing interest in how astrogliosis might in some contexts be protective and help to limit the spread of the injury. However, little is known about how astrocytes contribute to the chronic functional recovery phase following traumatic and ischaemic brain insults. In this review, we explore the protective functions of astrocytes in various aspects of secondary brain injury such as oedema, inflammation and blood–brain barrier dysfunction. We also discuss the current knowledge on astrocyte contribution to tissue regeneration, including angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, dendrogenesis and axogenesis. Finally, we discuss diverse astrocyte‐related factors that, if selectively targeted, could form the basis of astrocyte‐targeted therapeutic strategies to better address currently untreatable CNS disorders. imag
Potential Benefits of N-Acetylcysteine in Preventing Pregabalin-Induced Seeking-Like Behavior
Substance-use disorder is globally prevalent and responsible for numerous social and medical problems. Pregabalin (Lyrica), typically used to treat diabetic neuropathy, has recently emerged as a drug of abuse. Drug abuse is associated with several neuronal changes, including the downregulation of glutamate transporters such as glutamate transporter 1 and cystine/glutamate antiporter. We investigated the effects of N-acetylcysteine, a glutamate transporter 1 and xCT upregulator, on pregabalin addiction using a conditioned place preference paradigm. Pregabalin (60 mg/kg) was found to induce conditioned place preference when compared to a vehicle. A 100 mg/kg dose of N-acetylcysteine was found to block pregabalin-seeking behaviors. These results support previous findings showing that glutamate transporters play an important role in pregabalin-induced seeking behaviors. N-acetylcysteine may represent a beneficial agent in preventing the abuse potential of pregabalin
A Bioactive Resveratrol Trimer from the Stem Bark of the Sri Lankan Endemic Plant <i>Vateria copallifera</i>
A new resveratrol trimer, vateriferol
(<b>1</b>), having four <i>cis</i>-oriented methine
protons and constituting four contiguous stereocenters, was isolated
from the bark extract of <i>Vateria copallifera</i> by bioassay-guided
fractionation using a combination of normal, reversed phase, and size
exclusion column chromatography. The structure was established based
on its spectroscopic data. Vateriferol (<b>1</b>) was evaluated
in vitro for its antioxidant capacity, enzyme inhibitory activity,
growth inhibitory activity on a number of cancer cell lines, neuroprotective
activity, and anti-inflammatory activity. Vateriferol (<b>1</b>) exhibited AChE inhibitory activity (IC<sub>50</sub> 8.4 ±
0.2 μM), ORAC activity (2079 ± 0.20 TE/g), and neuroprotective
activity at 1.5 μM using PC12 cells deprived of oxygen and glucose
and lowered NO levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated SIM-A9 microglial
cells at 14.7 and 73.6 μM. Vateriferol (<b>1</b>) exhibited
weak cytotoxic potency (<50% growth inhibition) against the tested
cell lines at 147.2 μM
Furoxans (Oxadiazole‑4<i>N</i>‑oxides) with Attenuated Reactivity are Neuroprotective, Cross the Blood Brain Barrier, and Improve Passive Avoidance Memory
Nitric oxide (NO)
mimetics and other agents capable of enhancing
NO/cGMP signaling have demonstrated efficacy as potential therapies
for Alzheimer’s disease. A group of thiol-dependent NO mimetics
known as furoxans may be designed to exhibit attenuated reactivity
to provide slow onset NO effects. The present study describes the
design, synthesis, and evaluation of a furoxan library resulting in
the identification of a prototype furoxan, <b>5a</b>, which
was profiled for use in the central nervous system. Furoxan <b>5a</b> demonstrated negligible reactivity toward generic cellular
thiols under physiological conditions. Nonetheless, cGMP-dependent
neuroprotection was observed, and <b>5a</b> (20 mg/kg) reversed
cholinergic memory deficits in a mouse model of passive avoidance
fear memory. Importantly, <b>5a</b> can be prepared as a pharmaceutically
acceptable salt and is observed in the brain 12 h after oral administration,
suggesting potential for daily dosing and excellent metabolic stability.
Continued investigation into furoxans as attenuated NO mimetics for
the CNS is warranted