Solar heated fluidized bed gasification system

A solar-powered fluidized bed gasification system for gasifying carbonaceous material is presented. The system includes a solar gasifier which is heated by fluidizing gas and steam. Energy to heat the gas and steam is supplied by a high heat capacity refractory honeycomb which surrounds the fluid bed reactor zone. The high heat capacity refractory honeycomb is heated by solar energy focused on the honeycomb by solar concentrator through solar window. The fluid bed reaction zone is also heated directly and uniformly by thermal contact of the high heat capacity ceramic honeycomb with the walls of the fluidized bed reactor. Provisions are also made for recovering and recycling catalysts used in the gasification process. Back-up furnace is provided for start-up procedures and for supplying heat to the fluid bed reaction zone when adequate supplies of solar energy are not available

The Impact of US Sanctions on Iran

Abstract This study looks at different ways states act in order to achieve their objectives in the international arena; foreign policy employs various ranging from diplomacy, propaganda, economic statecraft to the outright of military force. The study concentrates on economic sanctions used by the U.S. against Iran. The study argued that the U.S. sanctions imposed on Iran caused a negative impact on the economy and population without achieving the main goal- change of government policies; only when the oil sector was hit, the sanctions affected the Iranian government and paved a way for negotiations. In this project we were guided by an explanatory model based on the "Carrot and Stick Approach", the ‘HSE Approach’ and ‘Domestic politics/signaling approach". The research employs qualitative format and content analysis. The result shows that the U.S. sanctions against Iran significantly affected the Iranian economy and population, but they failed to change the policies of this country, until the time when the Iranian oil sector was hit, which led the government to negotiations with the West, in other words, the U.S. achieved its foreign policy objectives through economic statecraft

The Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Post-Operative Hyperglycaemia

Post-operative hyperglycaemia is important with regard to outcomes of surgical operations. It affects post-operative morbidity, length of hospital stay, and mortality. Poor peri-operative blood glucose control leads to a higher risk of post-operative complication. Insulin resistance as a cause of post-operative hyperglycaemia has been blamed for some time. Nitric Oxide (NO) is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is not a normal cellular constitute. It is expressed by cytokines and non-cytokines e.g. fasting, trauma, intravenous glucose, and lipid infusion, which are encountered in surgical operations. Review of current published data on postoperative hyperglycaemia was completed. Our studies and others were explored for the possible role of NO in this scenario. Induction and expression of iNOS enzyme in pancreatic islet cells is included in the chaotic postoperative blood glucose control. The high concentrations of iNOS derived NO are toxic to pancreatic β-cells and may inhibit insulin secretion postoperatively. Hence, current peri-operative management is questionable regarding post-operative hyperglycaemia and necessitates development of a new strategy

Innocence Lost as a Recurring Motif in Stephen King’s Horror

This paper discusses the importance of a particular recurring motif in Stephen King's novels, which is identified as innocence lost. The contributions of the writer in the horror genre are analyzed in order to emphasize the important role he plays in dictating essential norms and principles of this type of literature. It is argued that King is extensively focused on the possibilities of developing a prose emphasizing simplistic fears and people's abilities to address those fears. In addition, the paper provides adequate definition of horror in light of other genres, emotions, and experience of fear. The implications of innocence are discussed in relation to particular philosophical and social assumptions introduced by other writers and thinkers. A thorough analysis of King's It is provided in an attempt to demonstrate the unique way in which the writer describes the relevance of fears in individuals' lives. Another novel which is extensively discussed in the present paper is Needful Things, as the researcher focuses on the combination of horror and innocence which is uniquely blended by King. The third novel in which the mentioned elements emerge is identified as The Long Walk. This novel is also dominated by essential psychological aspects contributing to the distinct tone and structure of the text. A recurring motif in King's prose, based on the respective three novels, is referred to as the persistent distortion of reality. This component, mixed with fear, adds to different interpretations of King's major texts. Horror is mixed with some of the most delicate feelings of individuals, as indicated in the respective research paper. The major conclusions presented in the paper are derived from both primary and secondary sources, with the idea to expand people's perspectives on the significance of Stephen King as a horror writer.

Review Article: The Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Post-Operative Hyperglycaemia

Post-operative hyperglycaemia is important with regard to outcomes of surgical operations. It affects post-operative morbidity, length of hospital stay, and mortality. Poor peri-operative blood glucose control leads to a higher risk of post-operative complication. Insulin resistance as a cause of postoperative hyperglycaemia has been blamed for some time. Nitric Oxide (NO) is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoenzymes. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is not a normal cellular constitute. It is expressed by cytokines and non-cytokines e.g. fasting, trauma, intravenous glucose, and lipid infusion, which are encountered in surgical operations. Review of current published data on postoperative hyperglycaemia was completed. Our studies and others were explored for the possible role of NO in this scenario. Induction and expression of iNOS enzyme in pancreatic islet cells is included in the chaotic postoperative blood glucose control. The high concentrations of iNOS derived NO are toxic to pancreatic β-cells and may inhibit insulin secretion postoperatively. Hence, current peri-operative management is questionable regarding post-operative hyperglycaemia and necessitates development of a new strategy. Keywords: NO, glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity, post-operative hyperglycaemia, pancreatic islets. Libyan Journal of Medicine Vol. 3 (3) 2008: pp. 26-3

Vocabulary Evolution on the Semantic Web: From Changes to Evolution of Vocabularies and its Impact on the Data

The main objective of the Semantic Web is to provide data on the web well-defined meaning. Vocabularies are used for modeling data in the web, provide a shared understanding of a domain and consist of a collection of types and properties. These types and properties are so-called terms. A vocabulary can import terms from other vocabularies, and data publishers use vocabulary terms for modeling data. Importing terms via vocabularies results in a Network of Linked vOcabularies (NeLO). Vocabularies are subject to change during their lifetime. When vocabularies change, the published data become a problem if they are not updated based on these changes. So far, there has been no study that analyzes vocabulary changes over time. Furthermore, it is unknown how data publishers reflect on such vocabulary changes. Ontology engineers and data publishers may not be aware of the changes in the vocabulary terms that have already happened since they occur rather rarely. This work addresses the problem of vocabulary changes and their impact on other vocabularies and the published data. We analyzed the changes of vocabularies and their reuse. We selected the most dominant vocabularies, based on their use by data publishers. Additionally, we analyzed the changes of 994 vocabularies. Furthermore, we analyzed various vocabularies to better understand by whom and how they are used in the modeled data, and how these changes are adopted in the Linked Open Data cloud. We computed the state of the NeLO from the available versions of vocabularies for over 17 years. We analyzed the static parameters of the NeLO such as its size, density, average degree, and the most important vocabularies at certain points in time. We further investigated how NeLO changes over time, specifically measuring the impact of a change in one vocabulary on others, how the reuse of terms changes, and the importance of vocabulary changes. Our results show that the vocabularies are highly static, and many of the changes occurred in annotation properties. Additionally, 16% of the existing terms are reused by other vocabularies, and some of the deprecated and deleted terms are still reused. Furthermore, most of the newly coined terms are adopted immediately. Our results show that even if the change frequency of terms is rather low, it can have a high impact on the data due to a large amount of data on the web. Moreover, due to a large number of vocabularies in the NeLO, and therefore the increase of available terms, the percentage of imported terms compared with the available ones has decreased over time. Additionally, based on the scores of the average number of exports for the vocabularies in the NeLO, some vocabularies have become more popular over time. Overall, understanding the evolution of vocabulary terms is important for ontology engineers and data publishers to avoid wrong assumptions about the data published on the web. Furthermore, it may foster a better understanding of the impact of the changes in vocabularies and how they are adopted to possibly learn from previous experience. Our results provide for the first time in-depth insights into the structure and evolution of the NeLO. Supported by proper tools exploiting the analysis of this thesis, it may help ontology engineers to identify data modeling shortcomings and assess the dependencies implied by the reusing of a specific vocabulary.Das Hauptziel des Semantic Web ist es, den Daten im Web eine klar definierte Bedeutung zu geben. Vokabulare werden zum Modellieren von Daten im Web verwendet. Vokabulare vermitteln ein gemeinsames Verständnis einer Domäne und bestehen aus einer Sammlung von Typen und Eigenschaften. Diese Typen und Eigenschaften sind sogenannte Begriffe. Ein Vokabular kann Begriffe aus anderen Vokabularen importieren, und Datenverleger verwenden die Begriffe der Vokabulare zum Modellieren von Daten. Durch das Importieren von Begriffen entsteht ein Netzwerk verknüpfter Vokabulare (NeLO). Vokabulare können sich im Laufe der Zeit ändern. Wenn sich Vokabulare ändern, kann dies zu Problemen mit bereits veröffentlichten Daten führen, falls diese nicht entsprechend angepasst werden. Bisher gibt es keine Studie, die die Veränderung der Vokabulare im Laufe der Zeit analysiert. Darüber hinaus ist nicht bekannt, inwiefern bereits veröffentlichte Daten an diese Veränderungen angepasst werden. Verantwortliche für Ontologien und Daten sind sich möglicherweise der Änderungen in den Vokabularen nicht bewusst, da solche Änderungen eher selten vorkommen. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Problem der Änderung von Vokabularen und deren Auswirkung auf andere Vokabulare sowie die Daten. Wir analysieren die Änderung von Vokabularen und deren Wiederverwendung. Für unsere Analyse haben wir diejenigen Vokabulare ausgewählt, die am häufigsten verwendet werden. Zusätzlich analysieren wir die Änderungen von 994 Vokabularen aus dem Verzeichnis "Linked Open Vocabulary". Wir analysieren die Vokabulare, um zu verstehen, von wem und wie sie in den modellierten Daten verwendet werden und inwiefern Änderungen in die Linked Open Data Cloud übernommen werden. Wir beobachten den Status von NeLO aus den verfügbaren Versionen der Vokabulare über einen Zeitraum von 17 Jahren. Wir analysieren statische Parameter von NeLO wie Größe, Dichte, Durchschnittsgrad und die wichtigsten Vokabulare zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten. Wir untersuchen weiter, wie sich NeLO mit der Zeit ändert. Insbesondere messen wir die Auswirkung einer Änderung in einem Vokabular auf andere, wie sich die Wiederverwendung von Begriffen ändert und wie wichtig Änderungen im Vokabular sind. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Vokabulare sehr statisch sind und viele Änderungen an sogenannten Annotations-Properties vorgenommen wurden. Darüber hinaus werden 16% der vorhandenen Begriffen von anderen Vokabularen wiederverwendet, und einige der veralteten und gelöschten Begriffe werden weiterhin wiederverwendet. Darüber hinaus werden die meisten neu erstellten Begriffe unmittelbar verwendet. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass selbst wenn die Häufigkeit von Änderungen an Vokabularen eher gering ist, so kann dies aufgrund der großen Datenmenge im Web erhebliche Auswirkungen haben. Darüber hinaus hat sich aufgrund einer großen Anzahl von Vokabularen in NeLO und damit der Zunahme der verfügbaren Begriffe der Prozentsatz der importierten Begriffe im Vergleich zu den verfügbaren Begriffen im Laufe der Zeit verringert. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen der durchschnittlichen Anzahl von Exporten für die Vokabulare in NeLO sind einige Vokabulare im Laufe der Zeit immer beliebter geworden. Insgesamt ist es für Verantwortliche für Ontologien und Daten wichtig, die Entwicklung der Vokabulare zu verstehen, um falsche Annahmen über die im Web veröffentlichten Daten zu vermeiden. Darüber hinaus ermöglichen unsere Ergebnisse ein besseres Verständnis der Auswirkungen von Änderungen in Vokabularen, sowie deren Nachnutzung, um möglicherweise aus früheren Erfahrungen zu lernen. Unsere Ergebnisse bieten erstmals detaillierte Einblicke in die Struktur und Entwicklung des Netzwerks der verknüpften Vokabularen. Unterstützt von geeigneten Tools für die Analyse in dieser Arbeit, kann es Verantwortlichen für Ontologien helfen, Mängel in der Datenmodellierung zu identifizieren und Abhängigkeiten zu bewerten, die durch die Wiederverwendung eines bestimmten Vokabulars entstehenden

Reconstruction of neutrino-induced showers with ANTARES

Op aarde zijn kosmische deeltjes gemeten met extreem hoge energieën. De bijbehorende bronnen we kennen niet, we weten zelfs niet of die misschien binnen ons melkwegstelsel liggen. Wel weten we dat in uitbarstingen van kosmische energie ook neutrino's worden geproduceerd. Boven alle andere deeltjes hebben neutrino’s het voordeel dat ze slechts zwak met materie wisselwerken, waardoor ze ons quasi ongestoord kunnen bereiken. Het detecteren van neutrino’s vereist echter een hoge gevoeligheid in een groot detectorvolume. Voor de ANTARES neutrinotelescoop wordt het heldere water van de Middellandse Zee gebruikt als detectiemedium. We meten de zwakke lichtflitsjes die indirect worden gegenereerd door hoogenergetische neutrino’s. Door alleen te kijken naar deeltjes die door de aarde zijn gereisd kunnen we neutrino’s goed selecteren. Tot nog toe lag de focus van ANTARES op meten van tracks van secundaire deeltjes die geproduceerd worden door slechts één enkel neutrino soort (“flavour”). We hebben de gevoeligheid onderzocht voor de detectie van lokale licht-showers die gegenereerd kunnen worden door alle drie neutrino flavours. Een groot probleem is de overweldigende achtergrond van neutrino’s die in de atmosfeer geproduceerd worden. Door de richting en topologie van showers te karakteriseren hebben we een nieuwe strategie ontwikkeld en deze toegepast op meetgegevens van ANTARES, zodat we de flux (al dan niet limieten) kunnen bepalen voor neutrino’s die voortkomen uit onbekende bronnen. Dergelijke metingen kunnen theorieën over verscheidene ontstaansmechanismes uitsluiten. In de toekomstige, 50 keer gevoeliger KM3NeT telescoop, die meerdere kubieke kilometers water omvat, kan onze strategie nieuw inzicht verschaffen over de bron van kosmische neutrino’s.