12 research outputs found
Study content integreated learning in 1st grade
Å Ä« diplomdarba temats ir āMÄcÄ«bu satura integrÄta apguve 1.klasÄ. ā TÄ mÄrÄ·is ir pÄtÄ«t un analizÄt mÄcÄ«bu satura integrÄtu procesu 1.klasÄ un apkopot pÄtÄ«juma rezultÄtus. Tika vadÄ«tas septiÅpadsmit nodarbÄ«bas 1.klases skolÄniem dažÄdos mÄcÄ«bu priekÅ”metos, lai noskaidrotu, kuras mÄcÄ«bu metodes un paÅÄmieni ir piemÄrotÄki integrÄta satura apguvÄ. EmpÄ«riskÄ pÄtÄ«juma izmantotÄs metodes: novÄroÅ”ana, anketÄÅ”ana un empÄ«risko datu analÄ«ze, vadÄ«to mÄcÄ«bu stundu analÄ«ze. Darba nobeigumÄ ir secinÄjumi, izmantotÄs literatÅ«ras avotu saraksts, pielikums, kurÄ ietilpst anketa, bÄrnu darbi un vadÄ«to mÄcÄ«bu stundu plÄni. Darba vizualizÄcijai izmantoti 3 attÄli. PÄtÄ«jums veikts Kalnciema pagasta vidusskolÄ. Bakalaura darba apjoms 69 lappuses. Darbs ietver 37 literatÅ«ras avotus un 3 pielikumus. AtslÄgas vÄrdi: integrÄts mÄcÄ«bu saturs, integrÄtas mÄcÄ«bu stundas, mÄcÄ«bu metodes un paÅÄmieni, daudzveidÄ«gi materiÄli.The theme of this annual paper is āStudy content integreated learning in 1st grade.ā Its aim is to study and analyze the integrated process of study content in the 1st grade and to summarize the research results. Seventeen classes were conducted for 1st grade students in different subjects to find out which teaching methods and techniques are more suitable for learning integrated content. Methods used in the empirical research: observation, questionnaire and analysis of empirical data, analysis of conducted lessons. At the end of the work there are conclusions, a list of used literature sources, an appendix, which includes a questionnaire, children's works and lesson plans. 3 images were used to visualize the work. The research was conducted in Kalnciems Parish Secondary School. Diploma Paper contains 69 pages, 37 literature sources and 3 appendixes. Keywords: integrated teaching content, integrated lessons, teaching methods and techniques, diverse materials
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker and brain biopsy findings in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Objective: To investigate the role of soluble APP (sAPP) and amyloid beta (Ab) isoforms, proinflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers of neuronal damage in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in relation to brain biopsy Ab and hyperphosphorylated tau (HPt) findings. Methods: The study population comprised 102 patients with possible NPH with cortical brain biopsies, ventricular and lumbar CSF samples, and DNA available. The final clinical diagnoses were: 53 iNPH (91% shunt-responders), 26 AD (10 mixed iNPH+AD), and 23 others. Biopsy samples were immunostained against Ab and HPt. CSF levels of AD-related biomarkers (Ab42, p-tau, total tau), non-AD-related Ab isoforms (Ab38, Ab40), sAPP isoforms (sAPPa, sAPPb), proinflammatory cytokines (several interleukins (IL), interferon-gamma, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) and biomarkers of neuronal damage (neurofilament light and myelin basic protein) were measured. All patients were genotyped for APOE. Results: Lumbar CSF levels of sAPP alpha were lower (p<0.05) in patients with shunt-responsive iNPH compared to non-iNPH patients. sAPPb showed a similar trend (p = 0.06). CSF sAPP isoform levels showed no association to Ab or HPt in the brain biopsy. Quantified Ab load in the brain biopsy showed a negative correlation with CSF levels of Ab42 in ventricular (r = 20.295, p = 0.003) and lumbar (r = 20.356, p = 0.01) samples, while the levels of Ab38 and Ab40 showed no correlation. CSF levels of proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers of neuronal damage did not associate to the brain biopsy findings, diagnosis, or shunt response. Higher lumbar/ventricular CSF IL-8 ratios (p<0.001) were seen in lumbar samples collected after ventriculostomy compared to the samples collected before the procedure. Conclusions: The role of sAPP isoforms in iNPH seems to be independent from the amyloid cascade. No neuroinflammatory background was observed in iNPH or AD
CSF AĪ² and sAPP isoforms in different brain biopsy groups.
<p>Scatterplots of amyloid beta 1ā38 (AĪ²38) (A), AĪ²40 (B), AĪ²42 (C), soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPĪ±) (D), and beta (sAPPĪ²) (E) in groups of positive/negative AĪ² and hyperphosphorylated tau (HPĻ) immunoreactivity in brain biopsy are presented. Cases are color-labeled according to their <i>APOE-Īµ4</i> status. <i>P</i>-values were determined using a KruskalāWallis H test and post-hoc MannāWhitney U test with Bonferroni correction. Only statistically significant <i>p</i>-values are shown.</p
Lumbar/ventricular CSF IL-8 ratio in relation to time between the CSF samples.
<p>Scatterplot of lumbar/ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin 8 (IL-8) ratio in individual cases in relation to the time difference between lumbar and ventricular samples is presented. Cases are color-labeled according to whether lumbar CSF sample was collected before or after the ventricular sample.</p
CSF sAPP isoforms in true iNPH patients and patients with no diagnosis of iNPH.
<p>Scatterplots of soluble amyloid precursor protein alpha (sAPPĪ±) and beta (sAPPĪ²) concentrations in ventricular (A and C) and lumbar (B and D) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients with no diagnosis of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) and patients with true (shunt-responsive) iNPH are presented. Cases are color-labeled according to their <i>APOE-Īµ4</i> status. <i>P</i>-values were determined using a MannāWhitney U test.</p
Characteristics, brain biopsy findings, and <i>APOE-Īµ4</i> statuses of 102 patients with possible NPH.
<p>Abreviations: <i>APOE</i>, apolipoprotein E gene; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; NPH, normal pressure hydrocephalus; iNPH, idiopathic NPH; AD, Alzheimer's disease; AĪ², amyloid beta protein; HPĻ, hyperphosphorylated tau protein.</p
CSF biomarker levels of 102 patients with possible NPH.
<p>Abreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; AĪ²42, amyloid beta 1ā42; p-tau 181, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; sAPP, soluable amyloid precursor protein; IL-8, interleukin 8; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF-Ī±, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NFL, neurofilament light protein; MBP, myelin basic protein.</p><p>*Mean (SD) CSF concentrations in ng/L.</p
Lumbar and ventricular CSF biomarkers in different brain biopsy findings.
<p>Abreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; AĪ², amyloid beta protein; HPĻ, hyperphosphorylated Ļ protein; p-tau 181, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; sAPP, soluable amyloid precursor protein; IL-8, interleukin 8; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TNF-Ī±, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; NFL, neurofilament light protein; MBP, myelin basic protein.</p><p>*Mean (SD) CSF concentrations in ng/L.</p><p>**Mean (SD). Only cases with CSF sample obtained after 24 h ICP monitoring included (<i>n</i>ā=ā37).</p