Microzooplankton Grazing and Productivity in the Central and Southern Sector of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida

Microzooplankton grazing was measured with the dilution method in the central and southern sectors of the Indian River Lagoon during summer 2006 and 2007. Microzooplankton actively grazed phytoplankton during all experiments. Grazing rates averaged (± SD) 0.956 ± 0.19 d-1 and ranged from 0.54 to 1.36 d-1. Phytoplankton carbon, measured by microscopy, averaged 314 ± 251 μg C L-1 and ranged from 115 to 936 μg C L-1. Microzooplankton ingestion rates averaged 303 ± 260 μg C L-1d-1 and ranged from 90 to 907 μg C L-1d-1. Microzooplankton potential productivity, a first-order estimate of microzooplankton productivity, averaged 91 ± 78 μg C L-1d-1 and ranged from 27 to 272 μg C L-1d-1. Microzooplankton grazing rates were not related to salinity. In contrast, the magnitudes of phytoplankton carbon concentration, microzooplankton ingestion rate, and microzooplankton potential productivity were statistically significantly greater in lower (\u3c20 \u3epsu) salinity waters. An examination of data from another Florida estuary and other Gulf of Mexico coast estuaries suggests that microzooplankton productivity may, in general, be highest in lower salinity waters

The American Mainline Protestant Church: Being the Body of Christ in Context Without Christendom

In recent years, a phenomenon has begun surrounding the fear of the death of the church in America. In 2008, the Pew Forum on Public Life conducted comprehensive survey of religiosity in America. This survey found that the number of those who identify as Protestant in America now stands at 51% of the population. According to the survey this number is poised to continue declining, especially given that the survey found that one fifth of US citizens, and one third of those under 30, are now unaffiliated with religion. Out of these statistics, in combination with other research across the country, the idea of the “death” of the church in America has come about. This terminology led to a proverbial hand wringing of the religious; especially among protestant clergy. This paper addresses the idea that the church is dying, specifically the American Mainline Protestant Church. This paper argues that the church is not, in fact, dying. Rather, in understanding the biblical definition of church through thinkers like Daniel Migliore and Nadia Bolz-Weber, we can see that the actual definition of church is still being upheld in America today. The death that is being felt in churches across America is analyzed with the help of field research in churches in the Twin Cities and across the country, and thinkers such as Kenda Creasy Dean and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Through these things it is found that what is being felt in churches is the death of Christendom in America. In order to move past Christendom, churches must respond to the context of the communities in which they reside. Churches that are able to this are still thriving today. Extreme examples of Christians responding to their context are further analyzed in this paper; including the Niebuhr brothers, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, and Martin Luther King Jr. It is concluded that churches that are able to emulate the acts of these men in their own contexts are following the biblical definition of church and are thriving as American Mainline Protestant Churches in today’s society

Alternative methods for the reduction of evaporation: practical exercises for the science classroom

Across the world, freshwater is valued as the most critically important natural resource, as it is required to sustain the cycle of life. Evaporation is one of the primary environmental processes that can reduce the amount of quality water available for use in industrial, agricultural and household applications. The effect of evaporation becomes intensified especially during conditions of drought, particularly in traditionally arid and semi-arid regions, such as those seen in a number of countries over the past 10 years. In order to safeguard against the influence of droughts and to save water from being lost to the evaporative process, numerous water saving mechanisms have been developed and tested over the past century. Two of the most successful and widely used mechanisms have included floating hard covers and chemical film monolayers. This paper describes a laboratory based project developed for senior high school and first year university classes, which has been designed to introduce students to the concepts of evaporation, evaporation modelling and water loss mitigation. Specifically, these ideas are delivered by simulating the large-scale deployment of both monolayers and floating hard covers on a small water tank under numerous user defined atmospheric and hydrodynamic conditions, including varying surface wind speeds and underwater bubble plumes set to changing flow rates

Changes in Phytoplankton and Bacterioplankton Biomass and Rate Processes in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, in Response to Reduction in River Discharge

Bacterioplankton abundance and chlorophyll concentration and the factors that control them (temperature, nutrient concentrations, and rates of growth, grazing, and export) were studied in Apalachicola Bay, FL, during two summers with contrasting river discharge. A reduction in river discharge from the summer of 2003 (S03) to the summer of 2004 (S04) led to a reduction in estuarine concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and rates of export, phytoplankton and bacterioplankton growth, and microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton and bacterioplankton. Bacterioplankton abundance and chlorophyll concentration during S03 were not significantly different from those during S04. Neither the growth rates and abundances of ciliates nor the egg production rates and abundances of Acartia tonsa were significantly affected by the reduction in rate processes of bacterioplankton or phytoplankton. The proposed diversion of freshwater from the Apalachicola River during summer months may lead to substantial changes in the rate processes of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton, but little change in the standing stocks of bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, ciliates, A. tonsa, or ciliate growth rates and A. tonsa egg production rates

Flight Determination of Drag of Normal-Shock Nose Inlets with Various Cowling Profiles at Mach Numbers from 0.9 to 1.5

External-drag data are presented for normal-shock nose inlets with NACA 1-series, parabolic, and conic cowling profiles. The tests were made at an angle of attack of 0 degrees by using rocket-propelled models in free flight at Mach numbers from 0.9 to 1.5. The Reynolds number based on body maximum diameter varied from 2.5 x 10 sup 6 to 5.5 x 10 sup 6. At maximum flow rate, the inlet models had about the same external drag at a Mach number of approximately 1.1, but at higher Mach numbers the sharp-lip conic cowling had the least drag. Blunting or beveling the lip of the conic cowling while keeping the fineness ratio constant resulted in drag coefficients slightly higher than for the sharp-lip conic cowling at maximum flow rate. At a mass-flow ratio of about 0.8, the conic cowlings with sharp, blunt, or beveled lips and the parabolic cowling all gave about the same drag. The higher drag of the NACA 1-49-300 cowling, compared with the blunt-lip conic cowling, is associated with the greater fullness back of the inlet