Synthesis of Green Diesel from Palm Oil Using Nickel-based Catalyst: A Review

Petroleum is the primary energy that is generally used throughout the world. Its non-renewable nature and exhaust gas emissions that can damage the environment are a concern for developing environmentally friendly renewable energy. Green diesel is an alternative energy to replace diesel fuel (diesel) from petroleum which has the potential to be developed. The raw material in palm oil has great potential for development due to its relatively high production. Green diesel synthesis can be carried out using the catalytic deoxygenation method. The type of raw material, catalyst, and process conditions influences this method. The catalyst is the most influential factor in catalytic deoxygenation. Transition metal catalysts like nickel are inexpensive and have good catalytic activity like precious metals. Catalytic activity can be increased by modifying the catalyst components and optimizing the process. Modification of the catalyst can increase the surface area, Lewis and Bronsted sites, and crystal size so that the resulting green diesel can be maximized, such as Ni-Co, Ni-Zn, and Ni-Mo bimetallic catalysts

DIFFUSION BEHAVIOR OF KETOPROFENTHROUGHCHITOSAN.ALGINATE MEMBRANES

ABSTRACT Chitosan-alginate membrane diffusion behavior has been investigated for its application in drugs delivery system. Ketoprofen diffusion behavior assay were performed at 37 and 42°C to membrane thickness (h) and donor cell concentration of ketoprofen variations (A). The results showed that e9uilibrium concentrations (Cs)of ketoprofen equation was 27.0087 + 0.09067T - 1.7499h + 0.1030A + 0.0161h - 0.0022A2 + 0.0040Th - 0.0018TA + 0.0095hA. The value of Cswas closer to the expected therapy concentration at 50 and 75 mg/L with thin membrane (10-34 11m).Based on Higuchi equation, the model forJ and D were J = 11.0849- 0.2713T- 0.3132h- 0.7461Cs-0.0096A - 0.0001h2- 0.0131C/ + 0.0002A2 + 0.0084Th + 0.0275TCs- 0.0018TA - 0.0059hCs + 0.0021hA + 0.0037C,A with ~ = 97.9% and D = -12.5000 + 0.2266T + 0.1313h + 0.1538Cs+ 0.1200A - 0.0009h2+ 0.0240 C/- 0.0009A2+ 0.0015Th- 0.0150 TCs- 0.0011TA- 0.0096hCs+ 0.0004hA+ 0.0039C,Awith ~ = 98.7%, respectively. The two dimensional contour maps of J versus A and h, both at 37 and 42°C, showed an increasing of J value as A, h, or T increased. Keywords: ketoprofen, chitosan-alginate, diffusio

DISSOLUTION BEHAVIOR, STABILITY AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF KETOPROFEN COATED TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE MODIFIED CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE

Ketoprofen coated tripolyphosphate modified chitosan nanoparticle was resulted from ionic gelation process by ultrasonication, centrifugation, and spray dry methods. Particle was analyzed by particle Size Analyzer. Dissolution and stability of them have conducted by Row Hansen methods at 37±0.5 °C and 150 rpm and using climatic chamber at 40±2 °C and relative humidity 75±5% for 3 months, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activities have conducted by Plate Reader methods. The result showed that B formulae have particles diameter of 563.1±157.5 nm and entrapment efficiency of 89.663%, respectively. Dissolution behavior showed that ketoprofen restrained released within acid medium and maximum released within base medium of 11.35-15.87% and 45.73-99.25%, respectively. Kinetically, dissolution of ketoprofen within intestinal and gastric pH condition was Korsmeyers-Peppas kinetic models. While, stability behavior showed that B formula has ketoprofen percentage left in nanocapsule after 3 months greater than 90% with water content and shelf life of 19.68%, and 14.19 week, respectively, and degradation kinetic model followed Avrami-Eroveef equation. Anti-inflammation test showed that B formula had the COX-2 inhibitory activity of 90.86% is higher than free ketoprofen

STABILITYOF KETOPROFENCOATEDBYCHITOSAN-GUARGUMGEL Stabilitas Ketoprofen Tersalut Gel Kitosan-Gom Guar

ABSTRACT The coating stability of ketoprofen by chitosan-guargum gel has been studied. Into 228.6 mL of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan solution in 1% (v/v) acetic acid, 38.1 mL of guar gum (gg) solution was added with concentration variation of 0.35, 0.55, and 0.75% (w/v) for ketoprofen microcapsules, and stirred with magnetic stirrer until homogenous. Afterwards, 7.62mL of glutaraldehyde (glu) was added slowly under stirring, with concentrations varied: 3, 3.5, and 4% (v/v). All mixtures were shaked for 20 min for homogenization. Into each microcapsule mixture for ketoprofen, a solution of 2 g of ketoprofen in 250 mL of 96% ethanol was added. Every mixture was then added with 5 mL of 2% Tween-80 and stirred with magnetic stirrer for an hour at room temperature. Conversion of suspension into fine powders/granules (microcapsules) was done by using spray dryer. Every microcapsule formula was packed into capsules, as much as 100g per capsule. The capsules were contained in 100-mLdark bottles and the bottles were kept in climatic chamber at (40:t 2) °C and RH (75 :t 5) % for 3 months. The microcapsule stabilities were tested chemically and physically. The result showed that formulation of ketoprofen preparation composed of 1.75% (w/v) chitosan, 0.35% (w/v) gg, and 3.50% (v/v) glu, was relatively the best, with ketoprofen percentage left in microcapsule after 3 months, degradation rate constant, and shelf life of 80.33%, 0.0351 % week-f, and 18.92 months, respectively. Reaction kinetic model for this formula followed Prout-Tompkinsequation and the degradation of ketoprofen was seem to follow autocatalytic reaction mechanism controlled by the formation and growth of reaction core

Antioxidant Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Identification of Secondary Metabolites of Kigelia africana from Waterpark Platinum Riau

Antioxidants can prevent reactive oxygen-associated diseases, which trigger carcinogenesis, cardiovascular disease, and premature aging. India and Africa have mostly practiced sausage trees (Kigelia africana) as traditional medicine, whereas Indonesia is still limited. The research aims to determine the phytochemistry and bioactivity of the n-hexane fractions from crude methanol extract of the leaves and bark of the sausage tree as antioxidants and their toxicity. The sausage tree is derived from Waterpark Platinum Riau. The sausage trees were macerated with methanol and fractionated by n-hexane and ethyl acetate. All samples were tested for their antioxidant to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and cytotoxicity to Artemia salina Leach larvae. Phytochemical results of methanol crude extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions of leaves and sausage bark showed the presence of all secondary metabolites except alkaloids in the n-hexane fraction. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of stem and leaf bark ethyl acetate fraction was stronger than crude methanol extract and n-hexane fraction. Based on LC-MS/MS data, the secondary metabolite components that have contributed strongly antioxidant activity of this study are flavonoid compounds such as kaempferol and the derivatives, lignans (cubebin), and steroids (pregnant)

Toxicity Sub chronic Water Extract Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus In Vivo on Sprague dawley Rats

Meretrix meretrix is one of the shells of sea water are widely utilized by people as food. This clamalso has many properties and benefits, so in this study tested the effect of the water extract of Meretrixmeretrix against blood chemistry profile Sprague Dawley rats with the method (OECD 413: 2009). Based onobservations obtained growth, feed intake, weight of liver and kidney in normal conditions. Levels of urea,creatinine, cholesterol between the control mice treated with A/0.1 and A/1 were not significantly different(p> 0.05) while the levels of bilirubin and albumin between control mice treated with A/0.1 and A/1 resultssignificantly different (p<0.05), but all blood chemistry parameters tested is still in the normal category

Epoksida dan Kinetika Minyak Jarak Pagar Sebagai Pemlastis Film Polivinil Klorida

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan kondisi optimum untuk epoksidasi minyak jarak dengan variasi suhu (T) dan konsentrasi katalis pada waktu reaksi yang sama, mengkarakterisasi hasil epoksidasi atau pemlastis dengan parameter bilangan iodine dan bilangan oksirana serta menentukan orde reaksi dan energi aktivasi menggunakan studi kinetika.  Penentuan Ea epoksidasi dilakukan pada kondisi waktu reaksi 12 jam, dengan suhu 50, 60, dan 70oC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum sintesis pemlastis menghasilkan bilangan oksirana 4.2%.  Sementara itu, bilangan iodin secara signifikan berkurang dari 2,6-15,3 lebih rendah tetapi bilangan oksirana relatif tinggi, 123,4-205,8 lebih tinggi sebelum dilakukan epoksidasi. Analisis dengan metode respon permukaan menunjukkan bahwa model persamaan matematika untuk bilangan oksirana adalah:17.8733 + 0.5498x + 1.2830y – 0.0039z – 0.1960xy – 0.004xz.  Karakterisasi epoksidasi dengan GC-MS menunjukkan waktu retensi 14.809 untuk metil cis-9,10–epoksioleat (MW 312). Kinetika reaksi menunjukkan orde ke satu dan konstanta laju untuk bilangan iodine masing-masing adalah: 50, 60, dan 70 oC adalah  9.97 ´ 10-2, 3.4 ´ 10-2, 21.34 ´ 10-2. Sementara itu, konstanta laju untuk bilangan oksirana adalah  11.28 ´ 10-2, 4.39 ´ 10-2, 1.89 ´ 10-2. Energi aktivasi masing-masing untuk bilangan iodine dan oksirana adalah  24.99 kcal/mol and 82.296 kcal/mol.   Kata Kunci : Epoksidasi, Kinetika, Poli Vinil Klorida, Minyak Jarak, Pemlasti