Synthesis and Cytotoxic Evaluation of 3-Dimethyl Carbamoyl Emodin

Emodin (6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone) is a natural anthraquinone derivative with potential pharmacological such as cytotoxic effects. The structure modification could be performed to determine the functional groups that have the role of substance activities. In this study, we modified one hydroxy group in the emodin structure to become dimethyl carbamoyl moiety. Emodin was reacted with dimethyl carbamoyl chloride and potassium carbonate to create 3-dimethyl carbamoyl emodin. The structure of the product was elucidated using mass spectrophotometer (MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR and C-NMR). These substances were tested for cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines using the MTT assay. According to the evaluation, 3-dimethyl carbamoyl emodin is less cytotoxic than emodin. As a result, the hydroxy group at the C3 position of emodin has been identified as a functional component that contributes to its cytotoxic effect

Synthesis and Characterization of Optical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots (CQD) Based on Mustard Green (Brassica juncea L) Leaf with Urea Addition

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a class of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized in this work from Mustard Leaves (Brassica juncea L) with the Addition of Urea via a microwave-assisted reflux method. This research aims to characterize CQDs' optical properties, energy gap, and emission under UV light computationally and experimentally. The studied optical properties obtained the maximum absorption peak observed from the UV-Vis spectrum of CQDs without urea shown at 233 nm. The UV-Vis spectrum of CQDs with the addition of urea (1 g, 1.5 g, and 2 g urea) has maximum absorption peaks at 424 nm, 422 nm, and 418 nm. The addition of urea causes a shift in the peak of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum towards red wavelengths (redshift). CQDs display bright green emissions when exposed to UV irradiation. In this work, the structures of CQDs of various forms (CQD-24, CQD-54, CQD-24-NH2, CQD-54-NH2) are theoretically studied in detail, and the results present both models (CQD-24, CQD-54) shows that the calculation results are in accordance with the experimental results, namely having a maximum UV-Vis absorption at 233 nm and in the range 200-400 nm. The results of calculations based on experiments show the same trend, namely that with the addition of urea, there is a shift in the absorption peak (redshift). The gap energy obtained also decreased with the addition of urea. CQDs solution emits yellow-green light

Application of PAN/α-Fe2O3-Bentonite as A Photocatalytic Membrane for The Photodegradation of Methylene Blue

The intricate molecular structure of the dyes in wastewater makes it difficult to biodegrade, which could harm the environment. Currently, semiconductor-based photocatalytic methods are being developed to remove dyes from water. In this study, the α-Fe2O3-bentonite photocatalyst was synthesized by mechanical milling and immobilized in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane by phase inversion. Analysis of the composition and surface morphology of the synthesized samples was carried out by FTIR, XRD, and EDX. The performance of the photocatalytic membrane was studied by investigating the removal of methylene blue (MB). Photocatalytic membrane with 2% α-Fe2O3-bentonite had the best performance in removing MB (10 ppm) that reached 99.84% at pH 11.5 with an irradiation time of 300 minutes under direct sunlight. The reuse cycle of the photocatalytic membrane was also carried out and the results showed that there is no significant change in the photodegradation efficiency after 3 cycles. Photocatalyst immobilization on PAN membranes is proven to overcome the post-recovery problem of photocatalysts and making easier to reuse. The photocatalyst membrane synthesized in this study can be used as an alternative for removing dyes from water

Synthesis of Carboxylated Chitosan Amide Using Some Cyclic Anhydride and Their Activities as Antifungal

Chitosan is a natural polymer that has antifungal activity. It is necessary to modify chitosan into its derivatives to increase its activity. One modification of chitosan that has the potential to be developed as an antifungal is carboxylated chitosan amide because this chitosan derivative contains a carboxylic group and is more hydrophilic. This research aims to synthesize chitosan amide carboxylate using several cyclic anhydride compounds and test its antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. The cyclic anhydrides used in this research are maleic anhydride and phthalic anhydride. In the initial stage of chitosan amide carboxylate synthesis, reaction optimization was carried out at varying temperatures of 25, 50, and 72oC for 7 hours. Compound characterization was carried out using FTIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The disc diffusion method tested the chitosan amide carboxylate product for its antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus. The optimal MCA (Maleoyl Chitosan Amide) product is (MCA_50), synthesized at a reaction temperature of 50oC. Under these optimal reaction conditions, PCA_50 (Pthaloyl Chitosan Amide) was successfully synthesized to produce a brownish-yellow solid with a yield of 46.1% (w/w) and a degree of substitution (DS) of 41.93%. The diameter of the inhibition zone against Aspergillus flavus for PCA_50 was 30 mm at the 12th hour of observation. The product (PCA_50) has better antifungal activity than chitosan and MCA_50

Tea Constituent in Protecting Glyphosate Effect on Human Breast Cancers Cells (MCF-7) Growth

Glyphosate, which has been documented as a contaminant in tea, promotes the proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Tea, on the other hand, includes various antioxidants, including epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which may protect against cancer cell proliferation. The purpose of this research is to determine the preventive effect of concentrated brewed green tea on MCF-7 development caused by glyphosate. The glyphosate concentration that promotes MCF-7 development was determined using a serial concentration of glyphosate. Glyphosate concentrations of up to 64 mg/L were shown to have no effect on MCF-7 cell proliferation. Concentrated brewed tea and EGCG 200 mg/L have the potential to suppress MCF-7 cell proliferation in the presence of glyphosate up to 512 mg/L. The combination of glyphosate and concentrated brewed tea or EGCG protects against glyphosate toxicity via altering the expression of tumor suppressor protein (p53)

The Potential Effect of Honey-derived D-Allulose in Counteracting Hyperglycemia by Time and Dose Dependent Manner in Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus has become a worldwide burden due to its persistent, chronic hyperglycemia. D-allulose, a monosaccharide sugar with a 180.16 molecular weight, is widely used as a low-calorie sweetener, is not involved in glucose-related metabolism, and thus does not alter insulin and pancreatic function. This study aimed to evaluate the potential role of honey-derived D-allulose in acute and sub-chronic diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 9 groups and treated with 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 g/kg BW honey-derived D-allulose for 28, 56, and 84 days. Post-prandial blood glucose levels and body weight were measured every 4 weeks. Significant reductions in post-prandial blood glucose levels were observed on days 56 and 84 treatment with 0.1 g/kg BW D-allulose. More significant reductions were observed on days 28, 56, and 84 of treatment with 0.2 or 0.4 g/kg BW D-allulose. Eighty-four days of treatment with 0.4 g/kg BW D-allulose significantly reduced post-prandial blood glucose levels compared to all groups. We identified that honey-derived D-allulose reduced post-prandial blood glucose levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Thus, honey-derived D-allulose may provide beneficial support for diabetic conditions not only as a sweetener but also as a pharmacological treatment

Sesquiterpenoids from the stem bark of Aglaia pachyphylla Miq (Meliaceae) and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 Cancer Cell Line

Sesquiterpenoids are terpenoid-derived compounds formed from three isoprene units with diverse pharmacological activities. Sesquiterpenoids can be obtained from higher plants, such as the genus Aglaia from the Meliaceae family. This study aims to isolate and characterize the structure of sesquiterpenoidsfrom the n-hexane extract of Aglaia pachyphylla Miq stem bark and to determine their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The n-hexane extract was separated and purified by various chromatography techniques such as vacuum liquid chromatography, normal-phase chromatography, and reversed-phase chromatography to obtain three sesquiterpenoids. The chemical structures of sesquiterpenoids were identified by various spectroscopic analyses such as IR, MS, 1D-NMR, and 2D-NMR and compared with previously reported spectrum data. Three sesquiterpenoids were identified as β-caryophyllene oxide (1), 1β-Hydroxy-4(15),5-eudesmadiene (2), and spathulenol (3). The three compounds were tested against MCF-7 breast cancer cells using the PrestoBlue method. Compound 2 showed the highest cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 262,25 µM

Green Metrics Evaluation on The Cannizzaro Reaction of p-Anisaldehyde and Benzaldehyde Under Solvent-Free Conditions

In the pursuit of environmentally responsible chemical processes, we conducted a thorough assessment of the green metrics associated with the Cannizzaro reaction using p-anisaldehyde and benzaldehyde under solvent-free conditions. This research elaborates the application of two different methods i.e., reflux and ultrasonication, applying potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the reagent. The progress of the Cannizzaro reaction was methodically followed via thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and the resulting products were characterized using various techniques, including melting point analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). To measure the environmental impact and sustainability of these reactions, a multifaceted approach was used. Green metrics were evaluated by the state-of-the-art Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses (EATOS) software, combined with the Andraos algorithm. Moreover, energy consumption calculations were evaluated. Reasonable analysis of the green metrics results was undertaken in the framework of prevailing literature, permitting to measure the level of eco-friendliness attained. Experimental findings revealed optimal conditions for the Cannizzaro reaction concerning p-anisaldehyde at a temperature of 50 °C for 90 minutes, resulting in remarkable of p-anisyl alcohol and p-anisic acid in 95.16% and 95.04% yields, respectively. Likewise, the reaction involving benzaldehyde reached its peak performance at 50 °C for 2 hours, giving benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid in 96.17% and 97.22% yields, respectively. Overall, the green metrics assessment and energy consumption calculations reliably confirmed that the solvent-free Cannizzaro reaction, when performed via ultrasonication, offers a reasonably greener and more energy-efficient method than the traditional ones. This research highlights the importance of sustainable chemical synthesis practices and their potential to reduce the environmental footprint of chemical processes

Synthesis of Green Diesel from Palm Oil Using Nickel-based Catalyst: A Review

Petroleum is the primary energy that is generally used throughout the world. Its non-renewable nature and exhaust gas emissions that can damage the environment are a concern for developing environmentally friendly renewable energy. Green diesel is an alternative energy to replace diesel fuel (diesel) from petroleum which has the potential to be developed. The raw material in palm oil has great potential for development due to its relatively high production. Green diesel synthesis can be carried out using the catalytic deoxygenation method. The type of raw material, catalyst, and process conditions influences this method. The catalyst is the most influential factor in catalytic deoxygenation. Transition metal catalysts like nickel are inexpensive and have good catalytic activity like precious metals. Catalytic activity can be increased by modifying the catalyst components and optimizing the process. Modification of the catalyst can increase the surface area, Lewis and Bronsted sites, and crystal size so that the resulting green diesel can be maximized, such as Ni-Co, Ni-Zn, and Ni-Mo bimetallic catalysts

Box-Behnken Experimental Design for Electrochemical Aptasensor Optimization on Screen Printed Carbon Electrode/Silica-Ceria

This study aims to optimize the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) electrochemical aptasensor with the Box-Behnken experimental design. ENaC is a protein that plays a role in sodium ion transport in several epithelial tissues and is associated with hypertension. The ENaC protein aptamer is held in place in the electrochemical aptasensor by a modified screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) of silica-ceria composite (SiO2-CeO2). The unique structure of a silica matrix with high biocompatibility can form composites through a hydrothermal process. The Box-Behnken (BBD) experimental design is an efficient optimization method of factors that affect the experiment at three levels. The FTIR results of the silica-ceria composites were 549.35 cm-1 (Ce-O), 1095.3 cm-1 (Si-O-Si), and 491.28 cm-1 (Si-O). Meanwhile, SPCE/silica-ceria characterized by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed an increase in peak current [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- from 3.190 μA to 9.073 μA. Three experimental factors, aptamer concentration, streptavidin incubation time, and aptamer incubation time, were optimized with BBD and obtained at 0.5 μg.mL-1, 30 minutes, and 1 hour. The optimum conditions observed resulted in a selective current response for ENaC protein detection. The optimization results can be applied to aptamer-based ENaC protein detection in samples