KAJIAN HABITAT DAN POPULASI PASAK BUMI (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) DI BLOK BARAT KAWASAN HUTAN KONSERVASI PT SABHANTARA RAWI SENTOSA, KUTAI TIMUR, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Pasak bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) is an Indonesian native plant species and widely used for its medicinal properties from generation to generation. The demand for this medicinal plant is increasing, both nationwide and worldwide. In contrary to the increasing demands, there are no plantations or such efforts to cultivate this plant to meet commercial needs. Thus, people fulfil the demands by harvesting the plants from its natural habitats in forests. In addition to this lack, there have been forest conversions into other uses such as mining, oil palm plantations and other uses. All those facts result in the decrease of pasak bumi population in the wild, and become the threats for the existence of this species. This study aims to observe the habitat and population of Eurycoma longifolia Jack in its natural habitat at the western block of the conservation forest of PT Sabhantara Rawi Sentosa in Kutai Timur, East Kalimantan. The study applied a transect survey method, comprising five transect lines, each transect contains 10 plots. The results showed that wild population of E. longifolia on the research site was very low. Only one seedling of E. longifolia found in the observation plots, however there were several individuals growing outside the observation plots. Heavy exploitation of the plant and forest conversion into other uses caused the population decrease. Researches to provide bases for commercial plantation of the E. longifolia are strongly recommended to ensure the existence of the species

Penentuan Pakan Rusa Bawean dengan Analisis Kotoran, di Pulau Bawean

The research was conducted in the Bawean island, East Java, where endemic Bawean deer’s inhabited naturally. The objective was to assess what kind of plant species as food resources in natural habitat of Bawean deer. The most Bawean deer habitats particularly lowland forests, are under the greatest pressure. Logging and land conversion have caused dramatic decreases in the forest cover of Bawean island, mainly in lowland, and forest margins are progressively shifting towards higher elevations. In that conditions, therefore a management practices should be implemented soon, for improving deer habitat. This study was focused on availability of food resources in the natural habitat of Bawean deer. Using indirect methods in the field to assess the remaining of food resources, which was consumed by Bawean deer, and fecal analysis was executed for identifying food deer items. The result, there were many species of plants as a food resources including Imperata cylindrical (lalang), Pericampylus glaucus (ancucu), Caryota mitis (andudur), Discorea hispida (gadung), Symplocos adenophylla (kayu sape), Coelorhachis muricata (lampedung), Scheria hebecarpa (lanting-lantingan), Paspalum cunyugatum (lambu merah), Argyera mollis (rombok putih), Lygodium circinnatum (taliata), Nephrolepis hirsitula (rending-rendang), Tridax procumbens (kenci-kencian), Brachiaria distachya (kabak-kabakan alas), Frimbrisyllis dichotoma (lente-lentean). The availability of those food resources was affected by season i.e., dry and rainy season, and the feeding habit of Bawean deers can allow adapting to the habitat condition. Based on that figure the Bawean deers may have so many several of food items in their natural habitat

Karakteristik Habitat Banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823) di Resort Rowobendo Taman Nasional Alas Purwo

Fragmentasi habitat dan perburuan liar telah menyebabkan penurunan populasi alami banteng. Sementara itu, sistem pengelolaan habitat di Taman Nasional Alas Purwo tidak sesuai dengan karakter tiap-tiap tipe habitat yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi karakter habitat yang dapat memberikan informasi tentang pemilihan habitat oleh banteng dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Karakter habitat diestimasi menggunakan dua pendekatan, yaitu habitat-categorizing dan site-categorizing. Habitat-categorizing adalah seleksi tipe habitat yang menunjukkan peluang beberapa tipe habitat untuk dipilih banteng. Adapun site-categorizing adalah seleksi sumber daya pada suatu lokasi oleh banteng. Tipe habitat yang memiliki peluang tertinggi untuk dipilih banteng adalah savana (nilai standar seleksi B=0,59). Savana memiliki sumber daya melimpah terutama jenis-jenis pakan, yaitu rumput lamuran (Arundinella setosa) dan merakan (Andropogon contortus) yang dikonsumsi oleh banteng, dibandingkan tipe habitat lainnya. Tipe habitat lain yang sering digunakan banteng adalah hutan pantai (B=0,173) dan hutan rawa (B=0,126). Tiga variabel habitat yang memengaruhi pemilihan sumber daya adalah kerapatan rumput (peluang seleksi expß=1,036), kerapatan tiang (expß=1,002), dan penutupan tajuk (expß=0,977)

ANALISIS VEGETASI DAN ALTERNATIF ZONASI PEMANFAATAN LAHAN DI KEBUN RAYA SAMPIT, KALIMANTAN TENGAH

Recording the existing diversity of an area is necessary to be done before the area is developed into a botanic garden. This study aims to determine the composition, structure and community type of Sampit Botanic Gardens to serve as the basis for determining its land use zoning and collection themes. A vegetation analysis was conducted using plot method that was placed in five locations (each 500 m2). All of the trees, sapling and ground vegetation were enumerated. A total of 40 families, 64 genera and 85 species were found within total plot of 2500 m2. The results shows that there are 30 species of trees, 36 species of sapling, and 43 species of ground vegetation. The highest number of trees is found in plot Lb-C (19 species), but plot Lb-D has the highest diversity and evenness indices. The three plots in dryland are dominated by Imperata cylindrica (Lk- A), Acacia mangium (Lk-B) and Melaleuca leucadendra (Lk-E), while the two plots in the wetlands are dominated by Tetramerista glabra (Lb-C) and Palaquium calophyllum (Lb-D). The highest tree density in plot Lb-C (800 trees/ha), while the highest basal area in Lb-D (24.1 m²/ha). Base on NMDS ordination, the vegetation tends to form three communities, namely: 1) Imperata cylindrica - Dicranopteris linearis, 2) Melaleuca leucadendra - Acacia mangium, and 3) Palaquium calophyllum - Tetramerista glabra. Community of P. calophyllum - T. glabra should be maintained as in situ conservation areas. I. cylindrica - D. linearis community can be usedfor physical buildings, thematic parks, nursery and plants development. The collection zone should be placed at the M. leucadendra -  A. mangium community, and in part on the P. calophyllum - T. glabra and I. cylindrica - D. linearis communities. Collection theme for Sampit Botanic Garden suggested is ex situ conservation for heath forest

Tipe Habitat Kesukaan Rusa Timor (Rusa timorensis) di Hutan Wanagama I

Wanagama I Forest (599.7 ha) is a research and education forest which is the habitat of Timor Deer (Rusa timorensis). The deer population has been breeding naturally. The habitat changes have affected to the deer in selecting the resources in its habitat and have caused the deer moving out from the forest to the more strategic area, i.e. agricultural and settlement. We suspected that the case happened because of the habitat quality degradation in the forest. The research was aimed to identify habitat types preferred by deer that were called Habitat Preference. Habitat preference was analyzed by habitat selection that was estimated using habitat-categorizing approaches (Alldredge, Thomas, and Mcdonald, 1998; Manly et al., 2002). Habitat selection was identified by chi-square test and the preference index was estimated by selection ratio index. The result of habitat-categorizing analysis showed that there was a habitat selection by the deer (chi-square test X2=15.23, α=0.05). Block 5 (selection standardized index, B=0.220), Block 17 (B=0.212), and Block 14 (B=0.149) were the habitat types which had high probability selected by the deer for their activities

Dampak Keterbukaan Tajuk terhadap Kelimpahan Tumbuhan Bawah pada Tegakan Pinus oocarpa Schiede dan Agathis alba (Lam) Foxw.

Keberadaan tumbuhan bawah sebagai akibat adanya bukaan tajuk merupakan keuntungan tersendiri bagi ekosistem lokal termasuk penyediaan nutrisi bagi tegakan yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dampak keterbukaan tajuk terhadap keragaman tumbuhan bawah. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan line transect dengan plot 2 m × 2 m dengan arah memotong garis kontur pada tegakan Pinus oocarpa, Agathis alba, dan hutan alam sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keragaman tumbuhan bawah pada semua tegakan tergolong tinggi, dimana indeks keragaman pada tegakan Pinus oocarpa sebesar 3,19, tegakan Agathis alba sebesar 3,19, dan hutan alam sebesar 3,48. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi prosentase tutupan tajuk maka keragaman jenis akan semakin berkurang. Pengurangan tutupan tajuk sebesar 100% akan menghasilkan kenaikan indeks keragaman sebesar 2,11. Kegiatan penjarangan atau perampingan tegakan perlu dilakukan pada tegakan pinus di tegakan pinus di Petak 43 Lebak Siu (nilai rerata tutupan tajuk/X=0,7 dan Petak 44 Rangkahan (X= 0,65), serta pada tegakan agathis di Petak 55 Kompos (X =0,51) dan Petak 55 Pancuran (X= 0,50). Pembabatan tumbuhan bawah perlu dilakukan untuk jenis-jenis eksotis yang berpotensi invasif seperti Clidermia hirta, Disporum uniflorum, dan Nephrolepis exaltata untuk mempertahankan kelestarian jenis asli. Impacts of Canopy Gap to the Understory Plants Abundance on Stands of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Agathis alba (Lam.) Foxw.AbstractUnderstory plant existed by canopy gap is distinct advantages for the local ecosystem, including the provision of nutrition for the forest stand. The research aimed to identify impacts of canopy gap to the understory plants abundance. Data were collected using line transect method, which a plot (2 m × 2 m) was placed on opposite direction with contour line in Pinus oocarpa stand, Agathis alba stand, and the natural forest as a control. The results showed that diversity of understory in all stands was high, i.e. Diversity Index (H’) of pine stands was 3.19, agathis stands was 3.19, and the natural forest was 3.4. Regression analysis showed a higher value of canopy cover significantly decreased species diversity. Reduction of 100% canopy cover would result in an increase of diversity index of 2.11. Thinning and pruning were required on pine stands in Block 43 Lebak Siu (canopy cover average/ X=0.7) and Block 44 Rangkahan (X=0.65) as well as agathis stands in Block 55 Kompos (X =0.51) and Block 55 Pancuran (X=0.50). Clearing was required to the exotic plants i.e. Clidermia hirta, Disporum uniflorum, and Nephrolepis exaltata to maintain the sustainability of native species

An assessment of vegetation variables in the reclamation area of the ex-gold mining at Ratatotok, Southeast Minahasa

The reclamation area of the ex gold-mining PT. Newmont Minahasa Raya (PT. NMR) will be used as a botanic gardens. This study aims to assess the reclamation program's success based on a variable vegetation of the ex gold-mining area of PT. NMR for the basis of the next management. Observations of vegetation on each unit of area was done by nested sampling system, where plots were placed along a perpendicular transect in a contour line. Vegetation variables were recorded among other: species name, individual number, plot numbers, coordinates, temperature, humidity, canopy cover, and land cover. The effect of vegetation on both of two variable regions, revegetation area and non-revegetation area, was tested using discriminant analysis. The results showed that the vegetation composition of the ex gold mining area of PT. NMR was still dominated by introduction species i.e. gamal (Gliricidia sepium), mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla), and lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). The diversity of understorey vegetation was middle category. The vegetation structure of the revegetation area was still in its infancy and has not yet reached climax conditions. However, revegetation efforts PT. NMR has succeeded in restoring the composition and structure of vegetation resembling to vegetation conditions in secondary forests. For supporting the ecosystem stability and promoting development programs of botanic gardens, were the enrichment of native vegetation and endangered species is needed

RENCANA 10 TAHUN (2020-2030) PENGEMBANGAN KEBUN RAYA DI INDONESIA

Botanic gardens has an important role through of the exsitu conservation activities to conserve the Indonesian plants from the threat of extinction. Botanic gardens development in Indonesia have full filled and supported by national and international policies. The development is done according to the representation of ecoregion concept in Indonesia and the location is prioritized in the main ecoregion. Until 2019, there were 43 botanic gardens consisting of 5 botanic gardens under LIPI management, 36 botanic gardens of Regional Government, and 2 botanic gardens of Colleges. This 43 botanic gardens were only able to represent 17 ecoregion types out of 47 ecoregion types in Indonesia. The future we will faced in the botanic gardens development are unstable budgeting by Central Government policies, lack of clear and clean land, lack of commitment by the Regional Government, and limited information about botanic gardens in the remote areas. The development of botanic gardens is carried out in ecoregions where botanic gardens have not yet been built in the ecoregion, especially in the eastern part of Indonesia and it is expected that 25 botanic gardens will be initiated and 23 botanic gardens to be launched. Strategies for achieving these targets are cooperation with the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the private sector and universities, strengthening legal and regulatory aspects related to botanic garden management, and strengthening the human resource capacity of botanic garden managers and botanic garden networks. There joint commitment, cross-sectorial coordination, and inter-line consolidation are the main requirement so that botanic gardens development in Indonesia can run in proper

DESAIN VEGETASI BERNILAI KONSERVASI DAN EKONOMI PADA KAWASAN PENYANGGA SISTEM TATA AIR DAS BOLANGO (Designing of Vegetation which Conservation and Economic Values in the Buffer Area of Water System at the Bolango Watershed)

ABSTRAKPerencanaan pembangunan arboretum di DAS Bolango dengan konsep konservasi dan ekonomi perlu dilakukan karena DAS ini memiliki peranan yang penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat sekitar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memberikan rekomendasi tentang komposisi dan struktur vegetasi penyusun hutan pada kawasan arboretum sebagai pemelihara mata air Sungai Bolango. Penelitian dimulai dengan mengidentifikasi sumber mata air, tanah, dan kondisi vegetasi eksisting. Metode wawancara kepada masyarakat setempat dilakukan untuk mendukung data etnobotani. Kajian lahan dilakukan antara lain tata guna, kelas kemampuan, konsep pengelolaan, kesesuaian lahan, dan penentuan vegetasinya. Hasil identifikasi sumber mata air menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 lokasi yang potensial dibangun arboretum, yaitu Desa Meranti Kecamatan Tapa Kabupaten Bone Bolango, Desa Dulamayo Selatan Kecamatan Telaga Kabupaten Gorontalo, dan Desa Mongiilo Kecamatan Bolango Ulu Kabupaten Bone Bolango. Berdasarkan data kualitas tanah, ketiga lokasi memiliki media perakaran yang cukup baik untuk tanaman budi daya. Secara umum, semua jenis tanaman budi daya sesuai untuk ditanam di ketiga lokasi arboretum. Perlu dilakukan pembuatan teras dan penerapan pola tanam konservasi yang mengaplikasikan tanaman penutup tanah (cover crop), tanaman budi daya, dan pohon penyusun hutan. Selain itu, perlu pemberian pupuk organik berupa kompos dan pupuk kandang. ABSTRACTArboretum development planning in Bolango Watershed using concept of conservation and economy is conducted because the watershed has an important role in people's lives around. This study aims to provide recommendations about composition and structure of forest vegetation in the arboretum area for conserving of Bolango River’s water springs. The study began by identifying the source of the springs, soil, and the existing vegetation. Interview to local communities was conducted to support the data of ethnobotany. Land observation was studied among other land use, class capabilities, management concepts, land suitability, and vegetation selection. The results of the identification of water sources indicated that there were three potential sites built arboretum, i.e Meranti Village Tapa District of Bone Bolango Regency, Dulamayo Selatan Village, Telaga District of Gorontalo Regency, and Mongiilo Village Bolango Ulu District of Bone Bolango Regency. Based on the data of the soil quality, the third location had a pretty good rooting medium for plant cultivation. Generally, all of plant cultivation were suitable to planted in the third location of arboretum. There were important to built terraces and applicate a model of conservation plants using cover crops, cultivation plants, and trees. In addition, it should be applicated organic fertilizer such as compost and manure

REVIEW 10 TAHUN PEMBANGUNAN KEBUN RAYA DI INDONESIA

The establishment of the Indonesian Botanic Gardens has shown significant progress over the past ten years, especially in the program of Regional Botanic Gardens. The Regional Botanical Gardens development program manifests LIPI's real contribution in applying science and technology for environmental sustainability and community welfare. The program also involves other agencies such as the Ministry of PUPR (Public Work and Housing), local government, universities, and the private sector. Developing the Regional Botanical Gardens includes three stages, including the planning stage, the development stage, and the management stage. A number of 43 botanical gardens have been built, 4 of which are in the planning stage, 20 are in development, and 19 are preparing for management. There are two challenges in establishing a regional botanical garden, originating from internal factors (Central Government) or external factors (Local Government). Fundamentally, the problem is commitments related to funding continuity, policy support, self-supporting infrastructure, infrastructure maintenance, and the involvement of other parties in the network. However, by looking at the increasing trend of botanical garden development, efforts to save Indonesian plant diversity are getting better