Magnetoestratigrafía del Eoceno inferior y medio en el frente Surpirenaico (Sierras Exteriores): implicaciones cronoestratigráficas y cinemáticas

Esta tesis describe un trabajo centrado en la aplicaciones de técnicas paleomagnéticas con el fin de abordar diferentes problemáticas y enfoques estructurales en la parte central y oriental de las Sierras Exteriores de la Cuenca surpirenaica (del Pirineo Alto aragonés). Se presenta la adquisición un conjunto robusto y denso de nuevos datos magnetoestratigráficos a lo largo de casi 2 Km de serie en facies marino someras, principalmente de las Formaciones Boltaña y Guara con la finalidad de aportar una nueva cronología en la cuenca para el Cuisiense y Luteciense. Se presentan un conjunto significativo de datos bioestratigráficos para recalibrar de las biozonas de macroforaminíferos bentónicos involucradas. También se presenta un apartado de estudio de desarrollo metodológico de modelos numéricos y un caso de estudio que aborda en problema de solapamiento de componentes paleomagnéticas. Fuente de error que afecta los valores y estabilidad de los datos paleomagnéticos y que gracias a este estudio puede ser cuantificable y abordable. Finalmente, un estudio de generación de datos robustos y de calidad para el control de cinemática de la estructura del anticlinal de Balzes y alrededores del entorno de Arguis permite develar el origen mixto de la curvatura del pliegue y acotar etapas de plegamiento y rotación para las zonas de estudio. Estos aspectos en conjunto aquí desarrollados, aportan gran cantidad de datos de muy buena calidad y representan una aportación innovadora y significativa para el Eoceno inferior y medio de la Cuenca surpirenaica occidental

The chronology and rotational kinematics in the South-Eastern Jaca Basin (Southern Pyrenees) : Las Bellostas section

Acknowledgement. This paper represents our modest tribute to Pep Serra-Kiel for his inspiring work, his sharp intelligence, his working tenacity, his always fruitful discussions and his camaraderie and friendship. This work was financed by the Sobrarbe County Research fellow-UNESCO Global Geopark (ARP) and by some projects from the Spanish Science National Plan (UKRIA4D- PID2019--I00/CTA, DR3AM. CGL2014 54118-C2-2-R and MAGIBER-II. CGL2017-90632-REDT). We are also very grateful to the laboratories of the universities of Burgos (Juanjo Villalaín) and Zaragoza (Teresa Román and Sylvia Gracia), Sergio Arruej Gil for the field support and Pablo Calvin and Vicky Burriel for the Burgos logistic support. Very warm acknowledged is given to Alejandro and Pablo from "Casa Molinero" in Las Bellostas for their hospitality, friendship and human warmth during all these years. Finally, we sincerely acknowledge the thorough and constructive reviews done by Miguel Garcés, Josep Tosquella and the editor Carles Martín-Closas.Despite the large number of magnetostratigraphic studies in the South Pyrenean Basin aiming to calibrate the basin chronostratigraphy and the biostratigraphic scales, the South Eastern Jaca Basin remains unexplored from this perspective, and its relation with the Ainsa Basin is not fully understood. In this work we contribute with new magnetostratigraphic data from the 950m thick Las Bellostas section, located in the northern hinge of the Balzes anticline. Well-proven primary signal (positive fold test and two pseudo-antiparallel polarities) supported by numerous primary data in the surroundings allow us building a reliable local polarity sequence of eight magnetozones (from R1 to N4). Additionally, seven new biostratigraphic samples (Nummulites and Assilina) in the lower part of the section (marine environment) allows tightening the section to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) and proposing a refined age model for the southeastern Jaca Basin. The section starts in the Boltaña Fm., of Cuisian age (Shallow Benthic Zone, SBZ11), is followed by a sedimentary gap from C22n to C20n as witnessed by biostratigraphic data (SBZ11 underneath the hiatus and SBZ16 just atop). The deltaic Sobrarbe Fm can be tracked until the C19n (Late Lutetian). From this point (200m) until the top of the section (950m), at least, the entire C18n chron can be recognized within the molassic Campodarbe Fm (C18n.2n-C18n.1r and C18n.1n) (Bartonian) equivalent to the West to the prodeltaic Arguis marls Fm. The Middle Cusian (SBZ11) to Middle Lutetian (SBZ15) stratigraphic hiatus is, in part, enhanced by the structural position at the hinge of the Balzes anticline. These new chronostratigraphic constraints help refining the W-E and N-S stratigraphic relationships in the eastern Jaca Basin and in the Ainsa Basin. This section also allows us to accurately refine the kinematics of the rotational activity in the eastern External Sierras. The significant difference in magnetic declination along the section and neighboring paleomagnetic data from the Balzes anticline (from ≈70º clockwise at the base of the stratigraphic section to non-significant at the top) together with the new age model for the Eastern Jaca Basin help characterizing the rotational activity of the Balzes thrust sheet. The rotation took place between chrons C20r (Middle Lutetian; 45Ma) and C17 (Lower Priabonian 37-38Ma) in agreement to nearby structures (Boltaña, Pico del Aguila anticlines) but clearly diachronic to western ones (Santo Domingo anticline). Besides, the rotational activity seems to follow a linear and continuous pattern (velocity 9-11º/Ma, R: 0.83-0.96) in contrast to closer structures that show two distinct rotational velocities (i.e. Boltaña). These new data still let open the debate on the rotational kinematics along the South Pyrenean basal thrust

The chronology and rotational kinematics in the South-Eastern Jaca Basin (Southern Pyrenees): Las Bellostas section

Despite the large number of magnetostratigraphic studies in the South Pyrenean Basin aiming to calibrate the basin chronostratigraphy and the biostratigraphic scales, the South Eastern Jaca Basin remains unexplored from this perspective, and its relation with the Ainsa Basin is not fully understood. In this work we contribute with new magnetostratigraphic data from the 950m thick Las Bellostas section, located in the northern hinge of the Balzes anticline. Well-proven primary signal (positive fold test and two pseudo-antiparallel polarities) supported by numerous primary data in the surroundings allow us building a reliable local polarity sequence of eight magnetozones (from R1 to N4). Additionally, seven new biostratigraphic samples (Nummulites and Assilina) in the lower part of the section (marine environment) allows tightening the section to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) and proposing a refined age model for the southeastern Jaca Basin. The section starts in the Boltaña Fm., of Cuisian age (Shallow Benthic Zone, SBZ11), is followed by a sedimentary gap from C22n to C20n as witnessed by biostratigraphic data (SBZ11 underneath the hiatus and SBZ16 just atop). The deltaic Sobrarbe Fm. can be tracked until the C19n (Late Lutetian). From this point (200m) until the top of the section (950m), at least, the entire C18n chron can be recognized within the molassic Campodarbe Fm. (C18n.2n-C18n.1r and C18n.1n) (Bartonian) equivalent to the West to the prodeltaic Arguis marls Fm. The Middle Cusian (SBZ11) to Middle Lutetian (SBZ15) stratigraphic hiatus is, in part, enhanced by the structural position at the hinge of the Balzes anticline. These new chronostratigraphic constraints help refining the W-E and N-S stratigraphic relationships in the eastern Jaca Basin and in the Ainsa Basin. This section also allows us to accurately refine the kinematics of the rotational activity in the eastern External Sierras. The important difference in magnetic declination along the section and neighboring paleomagnetic data from the Balzes anticline (from ≈70º clockwise at the base of the stratigraphic section to non-significant at the top) together with the new age model for the Eastern Jaca Basin help characterizing the rotational activity of the Balzes thrust sheet. The rotation took place between chrons C20r (Middle Lutetian; 45Ma) and C17 (Lower Priabonian 37-38Ma) in agreement to nearby structures (Boltaña, Picodel Aguila anticlines) but clearly diachronic to western ones (Santo Domingo anticline). Besides, the rotational activity seems to follow a linear and continuous pattern (velocity 9-11º/Ma, R: 0.83-0.96) in contrast to closer structures that show two distinct rotational velocities (i.e. Boltaña). These new data still let open the debate on the rotational kinematics along the South Pyrenean basal thrust

The chronology and rotational kinematics in the South-Eastern Jaca Basin (Southern Pyrenees): Las Bellostas section

Despite the large number of magnetostratigraphic studies in the South Pyrenean Basin aiming to calibrate the basin chronostratigraphy and the biostratigraphic scales, the South Eastern Jaca Basin remains unexplored from this perspective, and its relation with the Ainsa Basin is not fully understood. In this work we contribute with new magnetostratigraphic data from the 950m thick Las Bellostas section, located in the northern hinge of the Balzes anticline. Well-proven primary signal (positive fold test and two pseudo-antiparallel polarities) supported by numerous primary data in the surroundings allow us building a reliable local polarity sequence of eight magnetozones (from R1 to N4). Additionally, seven new biostratigraphic samples (Nummulites and Assilina) in the lower part of the section (marine environment) allows tightening the section to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) and proposing a refined age model for the southeastern Jaca Basin. The section starts in the Boltaña Fm., of Cuisian age (Shallow Benthic Zone, SBZ11), is followed by a sedimentary gap from C22n to C20n as witnessed by biostratigraphic data (SBZ11 underneath the hiatus and SBZ16 just atop). The deltaic Sobrarbe Fm can be tracked until the C19n (Late Lutetian). From this point (200m) until the top of the section (950m), at least, the entire C18n chron can be recognized within the molassic Campodarbe Fm (C18n.2n-C18n.1r and C18n.1n) (Bartonian) equivalent to the West to the prodeltaic Arguis marls Fm. The Middle Cusian (SBZ11) to Middle Lutetian (SBZ15) stratigraphic hiatus is, in part, enhanced by the structural position at the hinge of the Balzes anticline. These new chronostratigraphic constraints help refining the W-E and N-S stratigraphic relationships in the eastern Jaca Basin and in the Ainsa Basin. This section also allows us to accurately refine the kinematics of the rotational activity in the eastern External Sierras. The significant difference in magnetic declination along the section and neighboring paleomagnetic data from the Balzes anticline (from ≈70º clockwise at the base of the stratigraphic section to non-significant at the top) together with the new age model for the Eastern Jaca Basin help characterizing the rotational activity of the Balzes thrust sheet. The rotation took place between chrons C20r (Middle Lutetian; 45Ma) and C17 (Lower Priabonian 37-38Ma) in agreement to nearby structures (Boltaña, Pico del Aguila anticlines) but clearly diachronic to western ones (Santo Domingo anticline). Besides, the rotational activity seems to follow a linear and continuous pattern (velocity 9-11º/Ma, R: 0.83-0.96) in contrast to closer structures that show two distinct rotational velocities (i.e. Boltaña). These new data still let open the debate on the rotational kinematics along the South Pyrenean basal thrust

The chronology and rotational kinematics in the South-Eastern Jaca Basin (Southern Pyrenees): Las Bellostas section

Despite the large number of magnetostratigraphic studies in the South Pyrenean Basin aiming to calibrate the basin chronostratigraphy and the biostratigraphic scales, the South Eastern Jaca Basin remains unexplored from this perspective, and its relation with the Ainsa Basin is not fully understood. In this work we contribute with new magnetostratigraphic data from the 950m thick Las Bellostas section, located in the northern hinge of the Balzes anticline. Well-proven primary signal (positive fold test and two pseudo-antiparallel polarities) supported by numerous primary data in the surroundings allow us building a reliable local polarity sequence of eight magnetozones (from R1 to N4). Additionally, seven new biostratigraphic samples (Nummulites and Assilina) in the lower part of the section (marine environment) allows tightening the section to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) and proposing a refined age model for the southeastern Jaca Basin. The section starts in the Boltaña Fm., of Cuisian age (Shallow Benthic Zone, SBZ11), is followed by a sedimentary gap from C22n to C20n as witnessed by biostratigraphic data (SBZ11 underneath the hiatus and SBZ16 just atop). The deltaic Sobrarbe Fm. can be tracked until the C19n (Late Lutetian). From this point (200m) until the top of the section (950m), at least, the entire C18n chron can be recognized within the molassic Campodarbe Fm. (C18n.2n-C18n.1r and C18n.1n) (Bartonian) equivalent to the West to the prodeltaic Arguis marls Fm. The Middle Cusian (SBZ11) to Middle Lutetian (SBZ15) stratigraphic hiatus is, in part, enhanced by the structural position at the hinge of the Balzes anticline. These new chronostratigraphic constraints help refining the W-E and N-S stratigraphic relationships in the eastern Jaca Basin and in the Ainsa Basin. This section also allows us to accurately refine the kinematics of the rotational activity in the eastern External Sierras. The important difference in magnetic declination along the section and neighboring paleomagnetic data from the Balzes anticline (from ≈70º clockwise at the base of the stratigraphic section to non-significant at the top) together with the new age model for the Eastern Jaca Basin help characterizing the rotational activity of the Balzes thrust sheet. The rotation took place between chrons C20r (Middle Lutetian; 45Ma) and C17 (Lower Priabonian 37-38Ma) in agreement to nearby structures (Boltaña, Picodel Aguila anticlines) but clearly diachronic to western ones (Santo Domingo anticline). Besides, the rotational activity seems to follow a linear and continuous pattern (velocity 9-11º/Ma, R: 0.83-0.96) in contrast to closer structures that show two distinct rotational velocities (i.e. Boltaña). These new data still let open the debate on the rotational kinematics along the South Pyrenean basal thrust

Rotational kinematics of the southpyrenean basal thrust at the Sierras Exteriores Aragonesas: Magnetotectonic data

[ES] El estudio magnetotectónico de 32 estaciones localizadas, principalmente, en las margas de la formación Arguis a lo largo de las Sierras Exteriores Aragonesas (Pirineo Suroccidental) nos ha permitido caracterizar la estabilidad y el carácter primario de la magnetización registrada por estas rocas e interpretar las diferencias con el campo de referencia (Iberia estable) en términos de cinemática rotacional asociada al cabalgamiento basal surpirenaico en este sector. La estabilidad de la magnetización se fundamenta en la constancia de los intervalos de definición de las direcciones (300" - 425°C en el tratamiento térmico) y en la homogeneidad de los portadores magnéticos en las estaciones estudiadas (que siempre fueron fases de baja coercitividad, probablemente sulfuros y10 magnetita). Por otra parte, se puede demostrar que dicha magnetización se adquirió en el momento del depósito de las rocas (Eoceno medio) por varios motivos; la constancia de la inclinación magnética (47,3" +/- 1,7") y su similitud con la dirección de referencia; la existencia de inversiones y el test del pliegue positivo realizado con las estaciones del anticlinal del Pico del Águila; así como la congruencia entre la dirección de referencia (DEC=005", INC=51°, q5=6') y la calculada en la zona autóctona del sector occidental de las Sierras (DEC=005', INC=38', ag5=8 "). La interpretación de los datos paleomagnéticos en el contexto de la estructura deja patente la componente rotacional horaria de los cabalgamientos asociada a la formación de las Sierras Exteriores, observándose valores máximos de 42' en el sector occidental y de 30" en el central. Asimismo, la edad de dicha rotación parece migrar hacia el W (simultánea y anterior al depósito de la Fm. margas de Arguis, Priaboniense, en el sector central y simultánea al depósito de la Fm. Campodarbe, Sannoisiense-Stampiense, en el sector occidental) y se puede afirmar que ha habido rotación diferencial entre sectores adyacentes. Para explicar la no acumulación de las rotaciones es necesaria la existencia de estructuras de articulación que separarían zonas con diferente componente rotacional, como parece ocurrir en los anticlinales de Rasa1 y Anzañigo.[EN] The magnetotectonic analysis of 32 sites located along the External Sierras (mainly in Middle Eocene marls) shows the primary character of the magnetisation and pennits the differences between the paleovectors obtained to be interpreted as a result of the rotational kinematics of the southpyrenean floor thrust in the study area. The constancy of the directions of the defined unblocking intervals (300"-425°C for the thermal treatment) and the homogeneity of the magnetic carriers (these were always low coercitivity phases, probably sulphides andlor magnetite) prove the stability of the magnetisation. On the other hand, the primary character of the magnetisation (Middle Eocene) can be demonstrated by: a) the constancy of the magnetic inclination (47.3 +/- 1.7) and its similarity with the reference direction; b) the occurrence of reversals, and the positive result of the fold-test made in the Pico del Águila anticline; c) the consistency between the reference direction (DEC = 005", INC = 51°, a95=6 ") and the direction obtained for the authocthonous footwall (DEC = 005", INC = 38", a95= 8") which crops out in the western sector of the Sierras Exteriores thrust front. The interpretation of the paleomagnetic data within the External Sierras structural framework clearly shows that the kinematics of individual thrust sheets involves a clockwise component, at least during a period of their evolution. The maximum rotation values were found in the western and central sectors (42" and 30" respectively). The age of the rotation decreases towards the west along with the age of deformation of the cover rocks. Starting in late Priabonian the kinematics of the thrust front resulted in a lack of rotation in the central sector of the Sierras, while the western sector undenvent a clockwise rotation. The differential movement between both sectors gave rise to the development or reactivation of structures (i. e. Rasal-Anzáñigo anticlines) that articulated the deformation of adjacent zones with different rotational components.lEste trabajo ha sido financiado por una beca de la Institución Fernando el Católico (Dip. Prov. de Zaragoza) durante 1993 y una beca de Formación de Profesorado Universitario (M.E.C.) 1996- concedidas al primero de los firmantes, una beca CONA1 (DGA') concedida al segundo firmante, así como por los proyectos PB93-1218 DGICYT y una acción integrada Hispano-Austríaca (HU1995-0023). Ana Gómez del laboratorio de Paleomagnetismo de ICT "Jaume Almera" CSIC se encargó de buena parte de los análisis preliminares durante 1992. Carlos Sabariego (Saba) y Tomás Arauzo colaboraron en los muestreos. Todas las proyecciones estereográficas se realizaron utilizando el programa Stereonet (v. 4.9.5) de R. Allmendinger, a quien estamos muy agradecidos por su generosidad. La revisión de Jaume Dinarés fue especialmente provechosa.Peer reviewe

Evolución del comercio exterior aragonés en el siglo XXI

Este trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar el comercio exterior aragonés y su evolución en el siglo XXI. Se realiza una visión sobre las exportaciones e importaciones de la comunidad, señalando en cada apartado su evolución, los principales sectores y destinos. Además, se analiza el grado de concentración sectorial y destino tanto de las exportaciones como de las importaciones. También se debe tener en cuenta fenómenos ocurridos en este período como la adopción del euro, la implantación de PLAZA o la crisis del 2008.Tanto las exportaciones como las importaciones siguen una tendencia creciente. Además, el sector de la automoción es el sector más importante, aunque su peso ha disminuido en detrimento de otros sectores, dando lugar a una mayor diversificación sectorial. Incluso se observa una mayor diversificación en los destinos: Los principales clientes son los países europeos, pero con la aparición de nuevos mercados emergentes, como China, han disminuido su peso.Además, el saldo comercial arroja un superávit en prácticamente todo el período y posee una tasa de cobertura superior al 100%.Por último, se lleva a cabo una comparación entre Aragón y España en aspectos de exportación. En comparación con España, Aragón posee un mayor coeficiente de exportación, una mayor tasa de cobertura y un mayor grado de concentración tanto sectorial como de destino, debido a que las economías grandes tienden a una mayor diversificación.<br /

La Educación Ambiental como centro de interés a través de las actividades extraescolares: Propuesta didáctica

La motivación y la atención juegan un papel principal durante el proceso de aprendizaje. Según Decroly (1968), éstas solo están presentes cuando los temas propuestos son del agrado del alumnado. Por este motivo, el autor fue el primero en impulsar el concepto de Centros de interés, que promueven una enseñanza basada en los intereses del alumno. En este trabajo de final de grado profundizaremos en el modelo de Centros de interés y plantearemos una propuesta de intervención basada en éstos para alumnos de primer ciclo de primaria. En este caso se opta por usar la Educación Ambiental para dotar a los alumnos de un mayor desarrollo integral sobre los seres vivos y el entorno natural que les rodea

Flexural unfolding of complex geometries in fold and thrust belts using paleomagnetic vectors

Three-dimensional reconstructions of the subsurface are an important field in Earth Sciences due to their considerable socio-economic implications as exploration of petroleum resources. 3D reconstruction aims at providing a plausible image of the underground which entail the integration of discrete and heterogeneous datasets. They are based on geometric/mechanic laws and are designed to tackle areas with scarce and heterogeneous data. Restoration algorithms are an important tool to validate these 3D geological reconstructions of the subsurface. Restoration is the way back from the deformed to the undeformed states. Undo the deformation and achieve an initial surface with geological meaning is useful to validate the reconstruction of the folded structure and the deformation processes assumed. The main postulate in most restoration methods is the horizontality of the initial layers while restoration algorithms are based in several deformation processes as flexural slip or simple shear. We deepen in restoration techniques in next chapter but we want to emphasize the importance of a continuous feedback between reconstruction and restoration. This become especially important when complex deformation processes are implied and limited data is available. In addition, restoration tools may also be useful to predict deformation patterns for well characterized structures. However, existing restoration methods do not always succeed for complex structures like non-cylindrical, non-coaxial and/or areas undergoing vertical-axis rotations (out-of-plane motions). We suggest using paleomagnetic information, known in the undeformed (horizontal) and deformed states, as an additional and powerful constraint to improve restoration methods and to reduce the uncertainty of the results. The use of paleomagnetism in restoration tools was recommended in the early 1990¿s. So far, however, relatively few researchers have tried using paleomagnetic information to double-check the rotation inferred from restoration methods and hardly ever paleomagnetism is used as primary information of these tools. In this PhD we want to show how paleomagnetism can reduce the uncertainty in restoration tools when it is used as a constraint, particularly for structures with out-of-plane motions. The bedding plane is the basic 2D reference to relate the undeformed and deformed states, but never could be a real 3D indicator. Our proposal is the usage of paleomagnetism together with the bedding plane as references known in both states. The bedding plane determines the horizontal rotation and paleomagnetism the vertical axis rotation. Paleomagnetic vectors are the record of the ancient magnetic field at the time of the rock formation and we assume that it behaves as a passive marker during the deformation process. Its original orientation can be known in the undeformed surface, and it is represented by the paleomagnetic reference vector. If we see the deformation mechanisms, paleomagnetism allow reducing the number of variables, since it is a passive marker that records the internal deformation and provides us with information of vertical axis rotation. Because accurate paleomagnetic data is necessary to improve results we also work on a good data acquisition. Paleomagnetism may be incorporated in many restoration tools, particularly; we centre our study in geometrical surface unfolding algorithms valid for globally developable surfaces. Developable surfaces are those with Gaussian curvature equal to zero everywhere. These surfaces in geology are stratigraphic horizons folded under flexural conditions that have minimum internal deformation. That implies surfaces isometrically folded with preservation of lengths and angles and consequently with preservation of area. By globally we mean that these constraints are valid almost everywhere but there are areas where internal deformation is possible. We can find this kind of structures in the fold and thrust belts of competent layers at crustal levels. In order to test the restoration methods we develop analog models of complex structures. Laboratory-scale models are based on non-coaxial structures of External Sierras (Pyrenees). These analogs are digitalized with photogrametry and X-Ray CT scanner. In this way, models are completely characterized before and after deformation. This allows the calculus of real deformation of the folded surface and the comparison of the restored surface with the initial one

Multi-episodic remagnetization related to deformation in the Pyrenean Internal Sierras

The Internal Sierras (IS) in the southern margin of the Western and Central Axial Zone (Southern Pyrenees) are affected by a syn-orogenic remagnetization that provides information to reconstruct deformation geometries at the time of acquisition of magnetization. Furthermore, the IS structure changes strike along its structural trend, from ∼N120 to 130°E in the western and eastern margins to ∼N070–090°E in the central part. Palaeomagnetic techniques have been used to (i) accurately define the timing of remagnetization with regard to deformation and (ii) determine if the along-strike trend variation in the IS was induced by deformation and thrust emplacement during the Pyrenean compression or, on the contrary, was the result of a primary orientation controlled by structures inherited from pre-orogenic times. From 23 new palaeomagnetic sites, collected in Upper Cretaceous marls and marly limestones, two meaningful and stable palaeomagnetic components were resolved, principally carried by magnetite: (1) a lower-temperature component (B) that unblocks between 200 °C and 325–400 °C and (2) a higher-temperature component (C) that has been successfully isolated by means of combined thermal (up to 400 °C) and AF demagnetization (generally up to 50–100 mT). The B component is a late remagnetization that post-dates folding and emplacement of basement thrust sheets in the IS (mainly the Gavarnie thrust). It supports small but statistically significant clockwise rotations in the western part of the IS (from +18 to +26°). These rotations can be attributed to the westwards shortening decrease in the thrust system below the Gavarnie unit that results from its along-strike structural change, with a higher number of basement thrusts to the east. The C component has been interpreted as an early remagnetization, based on the results of conglomerate and fold tests. This component predates basement thrusting and is diachronous across the study area: reverse and normal polarities dominate in the eastern and western margins of the IS, respectively. New and previous palaeomagnetic data point out that curvature in the IS is probably a primary feature and the along-strike change in their trend could be interpreted as the result of basement geometrical features inherited from Variscan, Late Variscan or Mesozoic times. A complex, multi-episodic remagnetization probably related to burial and deformation processes occurred during Eocene times