Work like a Doc: a comparison of regulations on residents' working hours in 14 high-income countries

Background: Medical residents work long, continuous hours. Working in conditions of extreme fatigue has adverse effects on the quality and safety of care, and on residents' quality of life. Many countries have attempted to regulate residents’ work hours. Objectives: We aimed to review residents’ work hours regulations in different countries with an emphasis on night shifts. Methods: Standardized qualitative data on residents’ working hours were collected with the assistance of experts from 14 high-income countries through a questionnaire. An international comparative analysis was performed. Results: All countries reviewed limit the weekly working hours; North-American countries limit to 60–80 h, European countries limit to 48 h. In most countries, residents work 24 or 26 consecutive hours, but the number of long overnight shifts varies, ranging from two to ten. Many European countries face difficulties in complying with the weekly hour limit and allow opt-out contracts to exceed it. Conclusions: In the countries analyzed, residents still work long hours. Attempts to limit the shift length or the weekly working hours resulted in modest improvements in residents’ quality of life with mixed effects on quality of care and residents’ education

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure

La bibliothèque de l’Institut d’études slaves

S’appuyant sur les archives de l’Institut d’études slaves, l’article retrace la création de sa bibliothèque et les premières décennies de son développement. Cette période charnière vit la collecte des collections et l’aménagement, puis l’extension de l’espace qui lui est dédié dans l’hôtel particulier d’Ernest Denis, devenu le siège de l’Institut. Ce découpage temporel met en lumière le rôle clé d’André Mazon, qui d’abord conçut la bibliothèque, supervisa les travaux de mise en œuvre et enfin élargit son offre documentaire par un réseau d’échanges pérennes. L’article veut aussi rendre hommage à tous les acteurs impliqués dans l’œuvre collective que fut ce chantier : les bibliothécaires, architectes, membres de l’Institut, donateurs, slavistes en France et à l’étranger.Based on the archives of the Institute of Slavic Studies, the article relates the creation of the library and the first decades of its development. This pivotal period saw the gathering of the collections, the design of the overall layout and the extensions added to the space allotted to the library in Ernest Denis’ private mansion, which became the headquarters of the Institute. The survey of those seminal years highlights the key role André Mazon played to conceive the library, to supervise its implementation, and to enrich its documentary holdings through a network of lasting exchanges. The article also intends to pay tribute to all the actors involved in this collective project: librarians, architects, members of the Institute, donors, slavists in France and abroad

Self-reported social class in adolescents: validity and relationship with gradients in self-reported health

Abstract Background Analyzing social differences in the health of adolescents is a challenge. The accuracy of adolescent's report on familial socio-economic position is unknown. The aims of the study were to examine the validity of measuring occupational social class and family level of education reported by adolescents aged 12 to 18, and the relationship between social position and self-reported health. Methods A sample of 1453 Spanish adolescents 12 to 18 years old from urban and rural areas completed a self-administered questionnaire including the Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE), and data on parental occupational social class (OSC) and level of education (LE). The responsible person for a sub-sample of teenagers (n = 91) were interviewed by phone. Kappa coefficients were estimated to analyze agreement between adolescents and proxy-respondents, and logistic regression models were adjusted to analyze factors associated with missing answers and disagreements. Effect size (ES) was calculated to analyze the relationship between OSC, LE and the CHIP-AE domain scores. Results Missing answers were higher for father's (24.2%) and mother's (45.7%) occupational status than for parental education (8.4%, and 8.1% respectively), and belonging to a non-standard family was associated with more incomplete reporting of social position (OR = 4,98; 95%CI = 1,3–18,8) as was agreement between a parent and the adolescent. There were significant social class gradients, most notably for aspects of health related to resilience to threats to illness. Conclusion Adolescents can acceptably self-report on family occupation and level of education. Social class gradients are present in important aspects of health in adolescents.</p

Self-reported social class in adolescents: validity and relationship with gradients in self-reported health

Background: Analyzing social differences in the health of adolescents is a challenge. The accuracy of adolescent's report on familial socio-economic position is unknown. The aims of the study were to examine the validity of measuring occupational social class and family level of education reported by adolescents aged 12 to 18, and the relationship between social position and self-reported health./nMethods: A sample of 1453 Spanish adolescents 12 to 18 years old from urban and rural areas completed a self-administered questionnaire including the Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE), and data on parental occupational social class (OSC) and level of education (LE). The responsible person for a sub-sample of teenagers (n = 91) were interviewed by phone. Kappa coefficients were estimated to analyze agreement between adolescents and proxy-respondents, and logistic regression models were adjusted to analyze factors associated with missing answers and disagreements. Effect size (ES) was calculated to analyze the relationship between OSC, LE and the CHIP-AE domain scores./nResults: Missing answers were higher for father's (24.2%) and mother's (45.7%) occupational status than for parental education (8.4%, and 8.1% respectively), and belonging to a non-standard family was associated with more incomplete reporting of social position (OR = 4,98; 95%CI = 1,3–18,8) as was agreement between a parent and the adolescent. There were significant social class gradients, most notably for aspects of health related to resilience to threats to illness./nConclusion/n/nAdolescents can acceptably self-report on family occupation and level of education. Social class gradients are present in important aspects of health in adolescents

Self-reported social class in adolescents: validity and relationship with gradients in self-reported health

Background: Analyzing social differences in the health of adolescents is a challenge. The accuracy of adolescent's report on familial socio-economic position is unknown. The aims of the study were to examine the validity of measuring occupational social class and family level of education reported by adolescents aged 12 to 18, and the relationship between social position and self-reported health./nMethods: A sample of 1453 Spanish adolescents 12 to 18 years old from urban and rural areas completed a self-administered questionnaire including the Child Health and Illness Profile-Adolescent Edition (CHIP-AE), and data on parental occupational social class (OSC) and level of education (LE). The responsible person for a sub-sample of teenagers (n = 91) were interviewed by phone. Kappa coefficients were estimated to analyze agreement between adolescents and proxy-respondents, and logistic regression models were adjusted to analyze factors associated with missing answers and disagreements. Effect size (ES) was calculated to analyze the relationship between OSC, LE and the CHIP-AE domain scores./nResults: Missing answers were higher for father's (24.2%) and mother's (45.7%) occupational status than for parental education (8.4%, and 8.1% respectively), and belonging to a non-standard family was associated with more incomplete reporting of social position (OR = 4,98; 95%CI = 1,3–18,8) as was agreement between a parent and the adolescent. There were significant social class gradients, most notably for aspects of health related to resilience to threats to illness./nConclusion/n/nAdolescents can acceptably self-report on family occupation and level of education. Social class gradients are present in important aspects of health in adolescents

Dopamine Genes (DRD2/ANKK1-TaqA1 and DRD4-7R) and Executive Function: Their Interaction with Obesity

<div><p>Obesity is a multifactorial disease caused by the interaction between genotype and environment, and it is considered to be a type of addictive alteration. The A1 allele of the DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA gene has been associated with addictive disorders, with obesity and with the performance in executive functions. The 7 repeat allele of the DRD4 gene has likewise been associated with the performance in executive functions, as well as with addictive behaviors and impulsivity. Participants were included in the obesity group (N = 42) if their body mass index (BMI) was equal to or above 30, and in the lean group (N = 42) if their BMI was below 25. The DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA and DRD4 VNTR polymorphisms were obtained. All subjects underwent neuropsychological assessment. Eating behavior traits were evaluated. The ‘DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA A1-allele status’ had a significant effect on almost all the executive variables, but no significant ‘DRD4 7R-allele status’ effects were observed for any of the executive variables analyzed. There was a significant ‘group’ x ‘DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA A1-allele status’ interaction effect on LN and ‘group’ x ‘DRD4 7R-allele status’ interaction effect on TMT B-A score. Being obese and a carrier of the A1 allele of DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA or the 7R allele of DRD4 VNTR polymorphisms could confer a weakness as regards the performance of executive functions.</p> </div

Subjectivations du(es) / au travail

Des téléologies globalisantes et de nombreux discours et analyses ont largement insisté sur les potentiels renouvellements des mondes du travail. Comment celles et ceux qui y sont directement impliqués pensent-ils et vivent-ils le travail ? Quelles sont les modalités de subjectivation dues au travail ou produites à son propos ? Traduisent-elles une intériorisation des conditions, normes et places imposées ? Ou alternativement manifestent-elles des tentatives d’aborder le travail en inventant de nouvelles formes ? Tels sont les questionnements au centre de ce dossier qui regroupe dix contributions issues de recherches de terrain portant sur des métiers et des configurations de travail très divers. Leur rapprochement dessine un tableau contrasté de subjectivations en travail, tendues vers des horizons d’attente multiples : de la mise aux normes des corps au travail à la quête de reconnaissance, en passant par la tentative de s’émanciper des cadres organisationnels classiques pour inventer, parfois, des horizons politiques alternatifs. Globalizing teleologies and numerous discourses and analyses have insisted widely on potential renewals in the worlds of work. How do those directly involved consider and experience work? What are the modes of subjectivation due to work or produced about it? Do they reflect an internalization of imposed conditions, standards, and places? Or alternatively, do they demonstrate attempts to approach work by inventing new forms? These are the central questions of this issue, which includes ten ethnographic contributions on a diverse range of professions and work configurations. Bringing them together draws a contrasting picture of subjectivations in labor, pointing towards multiple horizons of expectations: from the physical standardization of bodies to the quest for recognition, through attempts to free oneself from traditional organizational frameworks to invent, at times, alternative political horizons

Effect of ‘group’, ‘DRD4 7R-allele status’ and their interactions with executive functions and eating behavior.

<p>Results are controlled for gender and depression scores.</p>§<p>raw score.</p><p>SD = Standard deviation; LN = Letters and Numbers (WAIS III); SDMT = Symbol Digit Modalities Test; TMT = Trail making Test; WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; BITE = Bulimic lnvestigatory Test Edinburgh; 3FEQ = 3-factor Eating Questionnaire.</p>*<p>p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; Ef S = effect size: ήή² = 0.0099, small effect; ήή² = 0.0588, medium effect; ήή² = 0.1379, large effect.</p