Professionnelles des soins et marchés de la santé : Les trajectoires analogues des physiothérapeutes et des psychologues québécoises, 1950-2010

Cet article compare les trajectoires des psychologues et des physiothérapeutes québécoises depuis 1950. D’une part, il montre en quoi l’apparition de nouvelles thérapeutes « paramédicales » sur le marché des soins a contribué à faire évoluer les usages cliniques. D’autre part, il analyse la manière dont ces professionnelles ont su jouer de la dualité qui se dessine après 1960 entre marchés public et privé de la santé. Cette histoire se décline en trois temps. De 1950 à 1975, ces professionnelles investissent les hôpitaux à l’appel de médecins spécialistes, dont elles contestent cependant bien vite l’autorité. De 1975 à 1990, leurs aspirations trouvent sur le marché privé des soins un terreau fertile où elles développent des approches alternatives qui pollinisent ensuite le réseau public. Enfin, après 1990, ce sont des ressources issues plutôt du secteur public qui migrent pour consolider la pratique en privé, témoignant de la solidarité entre ces marchés qui composent en fait les deux faces d’une seule et même économie politique de la santé.This article compares the parallel itineraries of psychologists and physiotherapists in Quebec since 1950. Firstly, it shows how the presence of new allied health professionals in the healthcare marketplace contributed to the evolution of clinical practice. Secondly, it analyses the way in which these professionals were able to play on the duality between public and private healthcare markets which developed after 1960. This story develops in three phases. From 1950 to 1975, these professionals entered the hospital network at the request of specialist physicians, whose authority they nevertheless quickly began to challenge. From 1975 to 1990, their ambitions found fertile ground in the private healthcare market where they were able to develop alternative approaches which came, in turn, to influence the public network. Finally, after 1990, it was more a matter of resources originating in the public sector migrating in order to consolidate private practice, bearing witness to the solidarity between the two markets which effectively constitute the two faces of a single political economy of healthcare

Mass spectrometry as a tool study CVD process

Mass spectrometry as a tool study CVD process. Application of two mass spectrometric (MS) techniques to study chemical vapour deposition from organometallic precursors is described. CpCuPEt3 (Cp = η5-C5H5, Et =C2H5) was used as a model precursor in this work

CVD of pure copper films from amidinate precursor

Copper(I) amidinate [Cu(i-Pr-Me-AMD)]2 was investigated to produce copper films in conventional low pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using hydrogen as reducing gas-reagent. Copper films were deposited on steel, silicon, and SiO2/Si substrates in the temperature range 200–350°C at a total pressure of 1333 Pa. The growth rate on steel follows the surface reaction between atomic hydrogen and the entire precursor molecule up to 240°C. A significant increase of the growth rate at temperatures higher than 300°C was attributed to thermal decomposition of the precursor molecule. It is shown that [Cu(i-Pr-Me-AMD)]2 meets the specifications for the metal organic chemical vapor deposition of Cu-based alloy coatings containing oxophilic elements such as aluminum

Le taux de rendement de l’éducation et la conjoncture économique : Québec, 1981-87

On a pris l’habitude d’évaluer la rentabilité de l’éducation, considérée comme un investissement, à l’aide d’un taux de rendement « à tout usage ». Même si les bénéfices sont futurs, ce taux est obtenu en mettant en relation des coûts et des différences de revenu observés à la même période. Les profils de revenu étant affectés par la conjoncture économique, ce taux de rendement pourrait varier le long du cycle économique. Pour évaluer cette sensibilité, le taux de rendement privé des études universitaires au Québec est calculé pour six années, entre 1981 et 1987. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une variabilité du taux de rendement, qui paraît plus élevé en période de ralentissement économique.Economists have grown accustomed to measuring the profitability of education with an all-purpose rate of return. Even though the benefits of education are received in the future, the rate of return is obtained by comparing costs and increments in earnings observed in a single period. Since earnings profiles are affected by the economic outlook, the rate of return to education may very well be correlated with the business cycle. To evaluate this sensitivity, private rates of return to university education in Quebec are computed for six years between 1981 and 1987. The results show that the rate of return is sensitive to the business cycle, being higher in a recession

FoamVis, A Visualization System for Foam Research: Design and Implementation

Liquid foams are used in areas such as mineral separation, oil recovery, food and beverage production, sanitation and fire fighting. To improve the quality of products and the efficiency of processes in these areas, foam scientists wish to understand and control foam behaviour. To this end, foam scientists have used foam simulations to model foam behaviour; however, analysing these simulations presents difficult challenges. We describe the main foam research challenges and present the design of FoamVis, the only existing visualization, exploration and analysis application created to address them. We describe FoamVis’ main features, together with relevant design and implementation notes. Our goal is to provide a global overview and individual feature implementation details that would allow a visualization scientist to extend the FoamVis system with new algorithms and adapt it to new requirements. The result is a detailed presentation of the software that is not provided in previous visualization research papers

Thermal behaviour of CpCuPEt3 in gas phase and Cu thin films processing

Decomposition of CpCuPEt3 (Cp=NNN(η5-C5H5)) and MOCVD of Cu films from CpCuPEt3 have been investigated in the frame of an ongoing project on the processing of Cu-containing coatings. The behaviour of CpCuPEt3 vapours under heating conditions was studied by in situ mass spectrometry. It was established that this compound is monomeric in gas phase. Its decomposition mechanism on hot surface was proposed. From mass spectroscopy experiments, it was established that decomposition in vacuum begins at 150 °C with evolution of PEt3. Beyond 270 °C, formation of cyclopentadiene is observed, indicating that a change in decomposition mechanism occurs. The saturating vapour pressure of CpCuPEt3 was estimated through static method, in order to optimize transport conditions and to control the molar fraction of the precursor in the gas phase. Finally, growth rate and microstructure of MOCVD processed Cu films from CpCuPEt3 have been investigated