Uwarunkowania eliminacji talentów w organizacjach zbiurokratyzowanych

rozdział z: Dysfunkcje i patologie w sferze zarządzania zasobami ludzkimi, t. 4, red. Z. Janowska, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2011Warunki, w jakich funkcjonują współczesne organizacje, w tym i podmioty gospodarcze, wymuszają na zarządzających nimi inne niż dotychczas podejście do pracowników i coraz bardziej świadome zarządzanie posiadanymi zasobami, w tym jednym z najważniejszych zasobów jakim są ludzie, którzy w dobie gospodarki opartej na wiedzy nie stanowią już tylko siły roboczej, ale także nośnik umiejętności kluczowych dla wypracowania przewagi konkurencyjnej. W tym świetle koncepcja zarządzania talentami budzi coraz większe zainteresowanie. Wydaje się, że szczególnym przykładem organizacji, w której ─ z racji jej cech – występuje naturalna tendencja do niewłaściwego traktowania utalentowanych pracowników jest jednostka zbiurokratyzowana. Stanowiąca przejaw pewnej fazy rozwojowej przedsiębiorstw, w ostatnich latach znów nabiera większego znaczenia wraz ze wzrostem zadań realizowanych przez administracje różnych szczebli w krajach postindustrialnych. Stąd uzasadnione wydaje się być podjęcie refleksji nad wykorzystaniem talentów w tego typu organizacjach. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie, iż rozwiązania organizacyjne mogą stać się przyczyną eliminacji rzeczywistych talentów.The conditions, in which modern organizations function make the managers use other aproach to workers than they used so far as well as more concious resources management. One of the most important resource are people, who are not just a work force anymore, but since knowledge based economy came they became carriers of key skills for competitive superiority elaboration. This approach causes bigger and bigger interest in talent management concept. As seen, particular example of organization, in which – because of its features – there is a natural tendency to inappropriate treating tallented workers, is bureaucratic unit. Because of the increase of tasks realizing by administrations of all levels in post industrials countries bureaucracy gets greater meaning within the last few years. That is why it seems reasonable to undertake reflection over making use of talents in this type of organizations. The aim of this paper is to show that organizational solutions may become the reason of true talents elimination

CONSTRAINTS ON THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN THE LIGHT OF INTEGRATION WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION

Taking advantage of the opportunities granted by Poland’s accession to the European Union (EU) is hindered in rural areas by barriers connected, in particular, with the conditions in which agricultural enterprises operate. This bas been confirmed by many academic articles devoted to the transformation of rural areas during the period of economic transformation [see Sokołowska, 2002; Płatkowska-Prokopczyk, 2003; Henisz- Matuszczak, 2006]. The direction of change in the agricultural policy of the EU sińce the MacSharry reforms has been towards promoting environmentally friendly agriculture [Hadyńska and Hadyński, 2004, 48] as part of a programme of promoting sustainable development in each member State. This seemi-j to be of particular importance to rural areas in Poland. Such a policy may well be a chance for changing some of the traits of underdeveloped rural areas1 into a lasting source of competitive advantage, due to the ecologicallyfriendly naturę of Polish agriculture, especially food production, ift comparison to other EU States. The reality of this opportunity is reflected not only in the increase in grocery exports from Poland to other EU countries sińce Polish accession, but also in the growth of agrotourism, which attracts both national and foreign tourists. The aim of this article is to analyse the constraints on sustainable development in rural areas of Poland and to attempt to describe the effects of actions madę after the accession of Poland to the EU based on an analysis of the assumptions and goals contained in agricultural programmes and strategies, both pre- and post-accession

Estimating the Prevalence of Entrapment in Post-9/11 Terrorism Cases

How many of the terrorism convictions since September 11, 2001 have been the product of entrapment? Some scholars and journalists have suggested that the number is quite high. One report went so far as to claim that only 1% of terrorism prosecutions involve “real” terrorism. The government’s defenders, at the opposite extreme, come close to saying that entrapment in a terrorism case is a contradiction in terms. Little empirical basis exists for evaluating these competing claims. Existing literature on terrorism and entrapment is typically based on detailed discussions of a few egregious cases, rather than systematic analysis of the phenomenon. Yet estimating the prevalence of entrapment is critical for evaluating the ethics and effectiveness of contemporary counterterrorism policies. This Article remedies this dearth of information by creating and analyzing a database of terrorism prosecutions since 9/11 (n=580), and coding each of the cases involving an informant (n=317) for twenty indicators of potential entrapment. An analysis of the database reveals that entrapment indicators are widespread among terrorism cases, and that the most serious cases, involving specific plots to commit attacks, have significantly more indicators. Cases with several indicators account for a sizable proportion of all cases, especially among alleged cases of jihadi and left-wing terrorism. These results show that facts and allegations supporting an entrapment defense are not confined to a small number of cases, but rather are quite widespread in post-9/11 terrorism cases. The Article also examines the suggestion by a journalist that only 1% of terrorism cases have represented a real security threat. It estimates that the proportion of terrorism prosecutions likely to have thwarted genuine terrorism threats is somewhat higher, though still small—about 9% of all jihadi cases and 5% of jihadi cases involving informants. In light of these findings, the Article recommends that authorities rethink current counterterrorism strategies, concentrating on passive surveillance instead of attempts to coax law-abiding Muslims into terrorist schemes, and shifting more resources toward preventing right-wing terrorism. Finally, the Article proposes reforms that would require the government to have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before inducing a suspect into committing a crime, and that would base the entrapment defense on the defendant’s realistic likelihood of committing an offense without government prompting

Estimating the Prevalence of Entrapment in Post-9/11 Terrorism Cases

How many of the terrorism convictions since September 11, 2001 have been the product of entrapment? Some scholars and journalists have suggested that the number is quite high. One report went so far as to claim that only 1% of terrorism prosecutions involve “real” terrorism. The government’s defenders, at the opposite extreme, come close to saying that entrapment in a terrorism case is a contradiction in terms. Little empirical basis exists for evaluating these competing claims. Existing literature on terrorism and entrapment is typically based on detailed discussions of a few egregious cases, rather than systematic analysis of the phenomenon. Yet estimating the prevalence of entrapment is critical for evaluating the ethics and effectiveness of contemporary counterterrorism policies. This Article remedies this dearth of information by creating and analyzing a database of terrorism prosecutions since 9/11 (n=580), and coding each of the cases involving an informant (n=317) for twenty indicators of potential entrapment. An analysis of the database reveals that entrapment indicators are widespread among terrorism cases, and that the most serious cases, involving specific plots to commit attacks, have significantly more indicators. Cases with several indicators account for a sizable proportion of all cases, especially among alleged cases of jihadi and left-wing terrorism. These results show that facts and allegations supporting an entrapment defense are not confined to a small number of cases, but rather are quite widespread in post-9/11 terrorism cases. The Article also examines the suggestion by a journalist that only 1% of terrorism cases have represented a real security threat. It estimates that the proportion of terrorism prosecutions likely to have thwarted genuine terrorism threats is somewhat higher, though still small—about 9% of all jihadi cases and 5% of jihadi cases involving informants. In light of these findings, the Article recommends that authorities rethink current counterterrorism strategies, concentrating on passive surveillance instead of attempts to coax law-abiding Muslims into terrorist schemes, and shifting more resources toward preventing right-wing terrorism. Finally, the Article proposes reforms that would require the government to have a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before inducing a suspect into committing a crime, and that would base the entrapment defense on the defendant’s realistic likelihood of committing an offense without government prompting

Assessment of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in adipose breast tissue using a supercritical fluid extraction method

A precise and highly reproducible analytical method was developed for the assessment of organochlorinated pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in adipose tissue (> or = 50 mg). The method can be utilized for epidemiological studies on the significance of these environmental pollutants in the etiology of breast cancer. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 and modified CO2 (addition of 5% dichloromethane) is employed to remove incurred pesticide residues from adipose tissues that have been surgically removed from breast cancer patients and controls. An alumina sorbent, placed in the extracting vessel together with a specimen, removes the bulk of co-extracted lipids; a subsequent purification of the SFE extracts by column chromatography on alumina removes the remaining traces of lipids that would interfere with the gas chromatographic analysis with electron capture detection. The method was tested by analyzing a Certified Reference Material 430 pork fat with known amounts of pesticide residues that are commonly found in fat or in foods with a high fat content. The recoveries of analytes ranged from 73.4% for endrin to 115% for alpha-, beta- and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene and dieldrin, with standard deviations of 4-12% for individual analytes. The analysis of adipose tissue for organochlorinated compounds on the basis of this new method suggested that the pesticide levels were higher in breast cancer patients than in controls. However, the small number of samples analyzed in this study (n = 5, both groups) precludes definitive conclusions. The most abundant compounds in both cases and controls were p, p-DDE (379 +/- 286 and 160 +/- 149 p.p.b.) and PCB (223 +/- 145 and 124 +/- 65.7 p.p.b.), followed by the termiticide chlordane residues oxychlordane and transnonachlor

Validation and Calibration of a Model Used to Reconstruct Historical Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons for Use in Epidemiologic Studies

OBJECTIVES: We previously developed a historical reconstruction model to estimate exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from traffic back to 1960 for use in case–control studies of breast cancer risk. Here we report the results of four exercises to validate and calibrate the model. METHODS: Model predictions of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) concentration in soil and carpet dust were tested against measurements collected at subjects’ homes at interview. In addition, predictions of air intake of BaP were compared with blood PAH–DNA adducts. These same soil, carpet, and blood measurements were used for model optimization. In a separate test of the meteorological dispersion part of the model, predictions of hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide from traffic were compared with data collected at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency monitoring station. RESULTS: The data for soil, PAH–DNA adducts, and carbon monoxide concentrations were all consistent with model predictions. The carpet dust data were inconsistent, suggesting possible spatial confounding with PAH-containing contamination tracked in from outdoors or unmodeled cooking sources. BaP was found proportional to other PAHs in our soil and dust data, making it reasonable to use BaP historical data as a surrogate for other PAHs. Road intersections contributed 40–80% of both total emissions and average exposures, suggesting that the repertoire of simple markers of exposure, such as traffic counts and/or distance to nearest road, needs to be expanded to include distance to nearest intersection