Attack tree analysis for insider threats on the IoT using Isabelle

The Internet-of-Things (IoT) aims at integrating small devices around humans. The threat from human insiders in “regular” organisations is real; in a fully-connected world of the IoT, organisations face a substantially more severe security challenge due to unexpected access possibilities and information flow. In this paper, we seek to illustrate and classify insider threats in relation to the IoT (by ‘smart insiders’), exhibiting attack vectors for their characterisation. To model the attacks we apply a method of formal modelling of Insider Threats in the interactive theorem prover Isabelle. On the classified IoT attack examples, we show how this logical approach can be used to make the models more precise and to analyse the previously identified Insider IoT attacks using Isabelle attack tree

Sainfoin – New Data on Anthelmintic Effects and Production in Sheep and Goats

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are one of the most important problems affecting health and therefore performance and welfare in small ruminant husbandry. The control of these parasites in the past strongly relied on the repeated use of anthelmintic drugs. This has led to nematode populations which are resistant to most of the currently available anthelmintics. Furthermore customer’s demands for organic and residue free animal products are increasing. The aforementioned problems have given a strong impetus for the development of new non-chemical strategies to control GIN. Previous research has pointed out the anthelmintic potential of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) and other tanniferous (CT) feed sources in goats and lambs infected with GIN. A recent Swiss experiment focussed on the use of sainfoin and field bean (Vicia faba, cv. Scirocco) as single CT sources as well as in combination for additional synergic effects, to reduce periparturient GIN egg rise of ewes in late gestation and early lactation. Another experiment with Alpine goats concentrated on the influence of sainfoin on milk performance and cheese quality. The results of these experiments will be presented and discussed in connection with previous knowledge on (i) anthelmintic effects of sainfoin and (ii) the influence of sainfoin administration on performance

In vitro antischistosomal activity of Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra extracts

Background Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease, imposes substantial health and economic burdens on impoverished groups living in predominantly rural areas. Praziquantel (PZQ) is the only drug available for treatment, and it is not completely efficacious. Artemisia annua and Artemisia afra infusions were proposed to possess antischistosomal activities in a recently retracted publication of a clinical trial, leading to our investigation in vitro. Objective The objective was to identify the main components of the infusions and evaluate the in vitro antischistosomal activities of traditionally prepared infusions as well as hexane and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the infusions of A. afra and A. annua. Methods Infusions of A. afra and A. annua were submitted to liquid-liquid partitioning with n-hexane and DCM to provide samples for in vitro bioassays using newly transformed schistosomulas (NTS) and adult Schistosoma mansoni worms obtained from infected mice. The viability of the NTS and adult S. mansoni was visually scored via microscopic readout. Results Nine phytochemicals comprising coumarins and organic acids were identified. A. afra and A. annua infusions and extracts possess potent in vitro antischistosomal activities against NTS, at 100 μg/ml. However, the A. afra infusions exhibited better activities against NTS than the A. annua infusion. The A. afra hexane- and DCM extracts presented IC50 values that are similar to PZQ (1.5 μg/ml) and approximately five times lower than the comparison drug artesunate (11.6 μg/ml) against NTS. Low IC50 values for both these extracts were also obtained in phenotypic assays with adult S. mansoni. Conclusion A. afra shows greater antischistosomal potential than A. annua. Thus, further studies are necessary to identify the active molecule(s) responsible for the notable antischistosomal activity of A. afra

PHL 5038: a spatially resolved white dwarf + brown dwarf binary

A near-infrared excess is detected at the white dwarf PHL 5038 in UKIDSS photometry, consistent with the presence of a cool, substellar companion. We have obtained H- and K-grism spectra and images of PHL 5038 using NIRI on Gemini North. The target is spatially and spectrally resolved into two components: an 8000 K DA white dwarf, and a likely L8 brown dwarf companion, separated by 0.94\arcsec. The spectral type of the secondary was determined using standard spectral indices for late L and T dwarfs. The projected orbital separation of the binary is 55 AU, so it becomes only the second known wide WD+dL binary to be found after GD 165AB. This object could potentially be used as a benchmark for testing substellar evolutionary models at intermediate to older ages

Elevated serum levels of S100 and survival in metastatic malignant melanoma.

Current reports suggest serum S100 as a prognostic marker for disease progression in advanced malignant melanoma. In this study, we assessed serum levels of S100 and multiple clinical factors in relation to overall survival in 99 patients with metastatic malignant melanoma seen at our institution between May 1990 and April 1996. For statistical analysis, we used both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models. Elevated serum levels of S100 correlated with poor outcome in metastatic malignant melanoma (P < 0.0001), univariate analysis). Upon multivariate analysis, however, S100 added no information to known clinical prognostic parameters

Elevated pretreatment serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and lactate dehydrogenase as predictors of survival in cutaneous metastatic malignant melanoma.

Very rapid progression of disease with a median survival of 6-9 months is a common feature of metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma. Nevertheless, substantial variability of survival suggests that metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma can be divided into several biological subgroups. Pretreatment serum levels of soluble adhesion molecules and various clinical parameters in cutaneous metastatic malignant melanoma were evaluated to determine their prognostic value. In this study pretreatment serum levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), soluble endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (sE-selectin) and multiple clinical factors were assessed in relation to overall survival of 97 consecutive patients with metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma seen at our institution between May 1990 and April 1996. For statistical analysis, both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models were used. Elevated pretreatment serum levels of sVCAM-1 (P < 0.005) and of lactate dehydrogenase (P < 0.002) were rendered statistically independent and were significantly associated with unfavourable outcome. Patients were assigned to one of three risk categories (low, intermediate and high) according to a cumulative risk score defined as the function of the sum of these two variables. There were significant differences in overall survival (P < 0.0001) between low- (n = 53, 5-year survival probability of 23.3%), intermediate- (n = 29, 5-year survival probability of 9.9%) and high-risk (n = 15) patients. Elevated pretreatment serum levels of sVCAM-1 and of lactate dehydrogenase correlate with poor outcome in metastatic cutaneous malignant melanoma. These data support risk stratification for future therapeutic trials and identify factors that need to be validated in prospective studies and may potentially influence decision-making in palliative management of patients with disseminated cutaneous malignant melanoma

Isabelle Modelchecking for insider threats

The Isabelle Insider framework formalises the technique of social explanation for modeling and analysing Insider threats in infrastructures including physical and logical aspects. However, the abstract Isabelle models need some refinement to provide sufficient detail to explore attacks constructively and understand how the attacker proceeds. The introduction of mutable states into the model leads us to use the concepts of Modelchecking within Isabelle. Isabelle can simply accommodate classical CTL type Modelchecking. We integrate CTL Modelchecking into the Isabelle Insider framework. A running example of an IoT attack on privacy motivates the method throughout and illustrates how the enhanced framework fully supports realistic modeling and analysis of IoT Insiders