894 research outputs found
Live–virtual–constructive simulation for testing and evaluation of air combat tactics, techniques, and procedures, Part 1: assessment framework
Liquid Holdup in Geothermal Wells
ABSTRACT Simulation of two-phase flow in geothermal wellbores requires use of empirical correlations for liquid holdup and for friction factor. Use of currently available correlations often yields widely differing results for geothermal wells. A new liquid holdup correlation is devised for cased wellbores using high-quality discharge and downhole pressure and temperature data from flowing geothermal wells. The latter dataset encompasses a wide range of wellbore diameters, discharge rates and flowing enthalpies. The measured wellhead pressures for wells in the dataset display excellent agreement with the pressures computed by using the new holdup correlation
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Development of New Geothermal Wellbore Holdup Correlations Using Flowing Well Data
Geothermal well performances depend primarily on four factors: reservoir pressure, permeability, temperature and wellbore size. The ability to predict both the quantity of fluid that can be produced and its thermodynamic state (pressure, temperature, enthalpy, gas content, salinity, etc.) is essential for estimating the total usable energy of a geothermal resource. Numerical reservoir simulators can be utilized to calculate the thermodynamic state of the fluid in the reservoir when it enters the wellbore. To compute the fluid properties as it travels up the wellbore to the well-head given certain reservoir conditions the use of a wellbore simulator is needed. This report contains new correlations for flowing geothermal wells to accurately estimate produced fluid properties
New Insights into Dissipation in the Electron Layer During Magnetic Reconnection
Detailed comparisons are reported between laboratory observations of
electron-scale dissipation layers near a reconnecting X-line and direct
two-dimensional full-particle simulations. Many experimental features of the
electron layers, such as insensitivity to the ion mass, are reproduced by the
simulations; the layer thickness, however, is about 3-5 times larger than the
predictions. Consequently, the leading candidate 2D mechanism based on
collisionless electron nongyrotropic pressure is insufficient to explain the
observed reconnection rates. These results suggest that, in addition to the
residual collisions, 3D effects play an important role in electron-scale
dissipation during fast reconnection.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure
Transition from ion-coupled to electron-only reconnection: Basic physics and implications for plasma turbulence
Using kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we simulate reconnection
conditions appropriate for the magnetosheath and solar wind, i.e., plasma beta
(ratio of gas pressure to magnetic pressure) greater than 1 and low magnetic
shear (strong guide field). Changing the simulation domain size, we find that
the ion response varies greatly. For reconnecting regions with scales
comparable to the ion Larmor radius, the ions do not respond to the
reconnection dynamics leading to ''electron-only'' reconnection with very large
quasi-steady reconnection rates. The transition to more traditional
''ion-coupled'' reconnection is gradual as the reconnection domain size
increases, with the ions becoming frozen-in in the exhaust when the magnetic
island width in the normal direction reaches many ion inertial lengths. During
this transition, the quasi-steady reconnection rate decreases until the ions
are fully coupled, ultimately reaching an asymptotic value. The scaling of the
ion outflow velocity with exhaust width during this electron-only to
ion-coupled transition is found to be consistent with a theoretical model of a
newly reconnected field line. In order to have a fully frozen-in ion exhaust
with ion flows comparable to the reconnection Alfv\'en speed, an exhaust width
of at least several ion inertial lengths is needed. In turbulent systems with
reconnection occurring between magnetic bubbles associated with fluctuations,
using geometric arguments we estimate that fully ion-coupled reconnection
requires magnetic bubble length scales of at least several tens of ion inertial
lengths
3D Magnetic Reconnection with a spatially confined X-line extent -- Implications for Dipolarizing Flux Bundles and the Dawn-Dusk Asymmetry
Using 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, we study magnetic reconnection
with the x-line being spatially confined in the current direction. We include
thick current layers to prevent reconnection at two ends of a thin current
sheet that has a thickness on an ion inertial (di) scale. The reconnection rate
and outflow speed drop significantly when the extent of the thin current sheet
in the current direction is < O(10 di). When the thin current sheet extent is
long enough, we find it consists of two distinct regions; an inactive region
(on the ion-drifting side) exists adjacent to the active region where
reconnection proceeds normally as in a 2D case. The extent of this inactive
region is ~ O(10 di), and it suppresses reconnection when the thin current
sheet extent is comparable or shorter. The time-scale of current sheet thinning
toward fast reconnection can be translated into the spatial-scale of this
inactive region; because electron drifts inside the ion diffusion region
transport the reconnected magnetic flux, that drives outflows and furthers the
current sheet thinning, away from this region. This is a consequence of the
Hall effect in 3D. While this inactive region may explain the shortest possible
azimuthal extent of dipolarizing flux bundles at Earth, it may also explain the
dawn-dusk asymmetry observed at the magnetotail of Mercury, that has a global
dawn-dusk extent much shorter than that of Earth.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, submitted to JGR on 01/23/201
Simulating open quantum systems: from many-body interactions to stabilizer pumping
In a recent experiment, Barreiro et al. demonstrated the fundamental building
blocks of an open-system quantum simulator with trapped ions [Nature 470, 486
(2011)]. Using up to five ions, single- and multi-qubit entangling gate
operations were combined with optical pumping in stroboscopic sequences. This
enabled the implementation of both coherent many-body dynamics as well as
dissipative processes by controlling the coupling of the system to an
artificial, suitably tailored environment. This engineering was illustrated by
the dissipative preparation of entangled two- and four-qubit states, the
simulation of coherent four-body spin interactions and the quantum
non-demolition measurement of a multi-qubit stabilizer operator. In the present
paper, we present the theoretical framework of this gate-based ("digital")
simulation approach for open-system dynamics with trapped ions. In addition, we
discuss how within this simulation approach minimal instances of spin models of
interest in the context of topological quantum computing and condensed matter
physics can be realized in state-of-the-art linear ion-trap quantum computing
architectures. We outline concrete simulation schemes for Kitaev's toric code
Hamiltonian and a recently suggested color code model. The presented simulation
protocols can be adapted to scalable and two-dimensional ion-trap
architectures, which are currently under development.Comment: 27 pages, 9 figures, submitted to NJP Focus on Topological Quantum
Computatio
The Diffusion Region in Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
A review of present understanding of the dissipation region in magnetic reconnection is presented. The review focuses on results of the thermal inertia-based dissipation mechanism but alternative mechanisms are mentioned as well. For the former process, a combination of analytical theory and numerical modeling is presented. Furthermore, a new relation between the electric field expressions for anti-parallel and guide field reconnection is developed
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Schizophrenia-risk variant rs6994992 in the neuregulin-1 gene on brain developmental trajectories in typically developing children
The neuregulin-1 (NRG1) gene is one of the best-validated risk genes for schizophrenia, and psychotic and bipolar disorders. The rs6994992 variant in the NRG1 promoter (SNP8NRG243177) is associated with altered frontal and temporal brain macrostructures and/or altered white matter density and integrity in schizophrenic adults, as well as healthy adults and neonates. However, the ages when these changes begin and whether neuroimaging phenotypes are associated with cognitive performance are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the association of the rs6994992 variant on developmental trajectories of brain macro- and microstructures, and their relationship with cognitive performance. A total of 972 healthy children aged 3–20 years had the genotype available for the NRG1-rs6994992 variant, and were evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological tests. Age-by-NRG1-rs6994992 interactions and genotype effects were assessed using a general additive model regression methodology, covaried for scanner type, socioeconomic status, sex and genetic ancestry factors. Compared with the C-carriers, children with the TT-risk-alleles had subtle microscopic and macroscopic changes in brain development that emerge or reverse during adolescence, a period when many psychiatric disorders are manifested. TT-children at late adolescence showed a lower age-dependent forniceal volume and lower fractional anisotropy; however, both measures were associated with better episodic memory performance. To our knowledge, we provide the first multimodal imaging evidence that genetic variation in NRG1 is associated with age-related changes on brain development during typical childhood and adolescence, and delineated the altered patterns of development in multiple brain regions in children with the T-risk allele(s)
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