Influence of Soil Properties on Methane Production Potential from Wetland Rice Field in Java

This study was conducted with the main objective of studying the emission and production potential of methane (CH4) from different soil types of wetland rice field and determining the controlling soil characteristics affecting methane production. The specific objectives are (i) to determine the best time in the day for manual sampling of CH4 gas in the field, (ii) to measure CH4 fluxes and total emission from three rice fields under field conditions, during the wet and dry seasons, and (iii) to determine the ability of some soils in Java to produce methane from its indigenous and added C source. Two experiments were conducted. The first was a field experiment. Three top soils, classified as brown Regosol, red Latosol and dark brown Alluvial, were placed in a wooden micro-plots lined with plastic sheets and planted with IR 64-rice variety. The soils received continuous irrigation with 5cm ponding above the soil throughout the growing season. A (l m x 1 m x 1 m) plexi-glass chamber was placed on each of the micro-plots to measure daily CH4 flux. The experiment was conducted for two seasons i.e. dry and wet seasons. The Eh and pH changes were recorded regularly every four days. Results of the experiment show that the emission of methane from the soils reached the highest peak at 40 days after transplanting (primordial stage). The emissions declined after they reached the early flowering stage, and drops to the lowest level until the plots were drained. There were no significant differences in grain yield between the three soils from two seasons of observation. Dark brown Alluvial (156. 1 kg CHJha/year) produced the highest emission followed by brown Regosol (142.2 kg CHJha/year) and red Latosol (39.6 kg CHJha/year). Reducing CRt emissions while maintaining or enhancing yield requires information on CRt fluxes from a wide range of ecosystems and climatic zones. An optimal less-intensive sampling strategy with the use of manually operated chamber to measure daily CRt flux is required. Result from this study suggests that gas sampling using the chamber at 1100 his the best time to represent the daily flux variation observed throughout the growing season

METHANE EMISSION FROM PADDY FIELDS AS INFLUENCED BY DIFFERENT WATER REGIMES IN CENTRAL JAVA

The concentration of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere is increasing at 1% per annum and rice fields are one of the sources that contribute to about 10-15% of the atmospheric CH4. One of the options to reduce greenhouse gas emission from rice fields is probably through water management. A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of water management practices on CH4 emission from rice field plots on a silty sand Aeric Tropaquept soil at Research Station for Agricultural Environment Preservation, Jakenan, Central Java, Indonesia, during the dry season of March to June 2002. Four water regimes tested were: (1) 5 cm continuous flooding (CF), (2) 0-1 cm continuous flooding (ST), (3) intermittent irrigation (IR) where plots received continuously 5 cm of flooding with two times of draining at 15-20 and 25-30 days after transplanting (DAT), and (4) pulse irrigation (PI) where plots were watered until 5 cm level and left to dry by itself until the water table reached 30 cm beneath soil surface then watered again. The total CH4 emissions of the four water treatments were 254, 185, 136 and 96 kg CH4 ha-1 for CF, ST, IR and PI, respectively. Methane emission increased during the early growing season, which coincided with the low redox potential of -100 to -150 mV in all treatments. Dry matter weight of straw and filled grain among the water treatments did not show significant differences. Likewise, total grain yield at 14% moisture content was not significantly different among treatments. However, this result should be carefully interpreted because the rice plants in all water treatments were infested by stem borer, which reduced the total grain yield of IR64 between 11% and 16%. This study suggests that intermittent and pulse irrigation practices will be important not only for water use efficiency, but also for CH4 emission reduction

Inventarisasi Emisi GRK Lahan Pertanian di Kabupaten Grobogan dan Tanjung Jabung Timur dengan Menggunakan Metode IPCC 2006 dan Modifikasinya

Abstrak. Lahan pertanian menyumbangkan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) melalui beberapa proses. Skala global dan nasional, perhitungan besaran emisi GRK telah banyak dilakukan, baik dalam bentuk studi ilmiah maupun laporan nasional terkait status dan emisi di suatu negara. Inventarisasi GRK dalam skala kawasan, mencakup pengumpulan serta pembangunan data aktivitas, penentuan sasaran penurunan emisi pada penyumbang emisi utama serta membandingkan hasil perhitungan metode IPCC 2006 dan metode modifikasinya. Sumber emisi GRK utama berdasarkan jenis gas di dua kabupaten adalah gas CH4 (pengelolaan lahan sawah, fermentasi enterik dan pengelolaan kotoran ternak) yaitu sebesar > 50% (dalam CO2e). Total emisi GRK Kabupaten Grobogan dan Tanjung Jabung Timur dari tahun 2006-2011 dengan menggunakan metode IPCC 2006 adalah sebesar 678-758 Gg CO2e dan 543-659Gg CO2e, sedangkan dengan menggunakan metode IPCC 2006 modifikasi adalah sebesar 670-744 Gg CO2e dan 540-658 Gg CO2e. Emisi ini diperkirakan akan terus meningkat mencapai angka 898 Gg CO2e dan 820 Gg CO2e di tahun 2020 jika tidak ada aksi mitigasi. Total emisi di kedua provinsi dengan menggunakan metode IPCC 2006 asli dan modifikasinya hanya berbeda sebesar 1%. Modifikasi metode yang dilakukan pada perhitungan emisi N2O langsung dari tanah sawah irigasi bisa digunakan karena lebih mudah dan sederhana dalam pengumpulan data aktivitas dan perhitungannya.Abstract. Agricultural land contributes to greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions through several processes. In global and national scale, GHG emissions have been presented in scientific studies and national reports. Regional inventory mostly gathered and generate activity data, define mitigation action to main emission contributors and to compare original and modified IPCC 2006 Guidelines. CH4 emissions (rice cultivation, enteric fermentation and manure management) was the main contributor to overall GHG emissionsin the two districts with the amount of > 50% (in CO2e). Overall Grobogan and East Tanjung Jabung GHG emissions from years 2006-2011 using IPCC 2006 was 678-758 Gg CO2e and 543-659 Gg CO2e respectively and overall GHG emissions using modified IPCC 2006 was 670-744 Gg CO2e and 540-658 Gg CO2e. This emission in Grobogan and East Tanjung Jabung were expected to continue rising and reach the figure of 898 Gg CO2e and 820 Gg CO2e in 2020 if no mitigation actions implemented.The result of IPCC 2006 and it’s modification method was only 1% different in overall GHG emission in two region. The modification method to direct N2O emission from irrigated rice could be used because it’s simpler and easier both in gathering activity data and the calculation itself

Methane Emission and its Mitigation in Rice Fields Under Different Management Practices in Central Java

The concentration of methane (CH4), one of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is increasing at 1% per annum and rice soil is one of the sources that contribute to about 25% of the atmospheric CH4. This study was conducted with the objectives of (i) assessing CH4 emission from rice fields with various rice management practices in Central Java, Indonesia, (ii) identifying potential mitigation methods by taking into consideration the economic analysis of these methods, and (iii) determining the potential CH4 production and emission from rice soils of Central Java using laboratory incubation method and in-situ field measurements. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of rice cultivars (Memberamo, Cisadane, IR 64 and Way Apo Buru), water management (continuous flooding 5 cm, continuous flooding 1 cm, intermittent irrigation, and pulse irrigation), and crop establishment methods (direct seeding and transplanting) on CH4 emissions using automatic chamber and continuous sampling technique. These experiments were conducted in four seasons beginning in the wet season of 2001/02 and ended in the dry season of 2003. In determining the potential CH4 production and emission from rice field of Central Java, soil types under rice were identified. In-situ measurements of CH4 fluxes from 13 soil types under rice were made and topsoil samples were incubated for laboratory incubation. There were no significant differences between cultivars in yield either through direct seeding or transplanting. Cisadane cultivar established through direct seeding emitted significantly higher amount of CH4 due to higher root and aboveground biomass than transplanting. Since no significant differences in yield between the cultivars were found in this study, Cisadane cultivar should not be used in Central Java. Emission of CH4 could also be reduced by intermittent (46%) and pulse (62%) irrigation compared to conventional continuously flooded systems. Potential CH4 production (282 – 6,408 kg ha-1) for 13 flooded rice soils in Central Java Province was significantly positively related to the in-situ field emission (107 – 799 kg ha-1). Measured CH4 emission estimated was only 16.6% of the potential CH4 production. Based on economic analysis of selected data from the field experiments, a few mitigation options could be recommended. During the wet season, for transplanted rice, Way Apo Buru gave the higher incremental benefit of CH4 mitigation technology adoption, but for direct seeded rice, Memberamo and Way Apo Buru gave the higher benefit. During the dry season, transplanted Cisadane cultivar gave higher benefit than IR 64. Also, during this season, when planted with IR 64, intermittent irrigation gave higher benefit than continuous flooding 1 cm and pulse irrigation. However, further investigation on the mitigation potentials of the management practices need to be done

N2O Emissions from Rainfed Sugarcane Plantation

Expansion of sugarcane areal to support enhancement production and fulfilment target of self-sufficiency for national sugar should be conducted to see environment impact, particularly related to greenhouse gases emission. The objective of this study was to figure out N2O emission from conventional sugarcane plantation by farmer in rainfed area. The observation of N2O gas was carried out in sugarcane plantation in Sidomukti Village, Jaken District, Pati, Central Java. Sampling of N2O gas was conducted by close chamber method. The study showed that maximum fluxes of sugarcane plantation before and after fertilizer application are 4.011 and 223 µg N2O m-2 day-1. Meanwhile, after fertilizer application the maximum and minimum fluxes of N2O are 6.408 and 25 µg N2O m -2 day-1. N2O emission from sugarcane plantation recorded in rainfed area as 4.21 ± 2.53 kg N2O ha-1 year-1 with potential of global warming number as 1.31 ton CO2-e per hectar per year.Emisi N2O dari Pertanaman Tebu di Lahan Tadah HujanPerluasan areal tanam tebu untuk mendukung peningkatan produksi dan pemenuhan target swasembada gula nasional sudah dianggap perlu untuk melihat dampak lingkungan khususnya mengenai evaluasi emisi gas rumah kaca dari pertanaman tebu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui emisi gas N2O dari sistem pertanaman tebu secara konvensional petani di lahan tadah hujan. Pengamatan gas N2O dilakukan pada lahan perkebunan tebu di desa Sidomukti Kecamatan Jaken Kabupaten Pati Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Pengambilan sampel N2O menggunakan metode sungkup tertutup. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fluks maksimum pada pertanaman tebu sebelum pemupukan sebesar 4,011 µg N2O m -2 hari-1 dan fluks minimum sebesar 223 µg N2O m -2 hari-1, sedangkan fluks maksimum setelah pemupukan sebesar 6,408 µg N2O m -2 hari-1 dan fluks minimum sebesar 25 µg N2O m -2 hari-1. Emisi N2O pertanaman tebu sebesar 4.21 ± 2.53 kg N2O ha-1tahun-1 dengan nilai potensi pemanasan global sebesar 1.31 ton CO2-e per hektar per tahun

N2O Emission from Managed Soil Under Different Crops in Rainfed Area, Central Java

N2O emission from agriculture has been assumed to increase by 30-35% until 2030. This gas has a major contribute to the emission from agriculture. N2O emission from managed soils is the 2nd contributor to green house gas (GHG) emission from agriculture in Indonesia. Rainfed area requested high management input. This research aimed to examine N2O emission from different crops in the rainfed area and its affecting factors, also to identify things that need to be considered in conducting N2O measurement from managed soil. Research conducted in Pati and Blora District, Central Java Province. Four (4) different experimental sites with 4 different crops were chosen. Those were mung bean, rubber plantation and sugarcane which located within Pati District, and maize crop which located in Blora District. No treatment was applied. Gas samples were taken following the day after fertilizing. Daily N2O fluxes from managed soil in tropical land of Indonesia determine by several factors, which are: days after fertilizing, fertilizer type and dosage, previous land use, growth phase of crops, sampling point and soil characteristic. The peak time was mostly influenced by crop type. Maize has the highest N2O daily fluxes with the range of 311.9 - 9651.6 ugN2O m-2day-1 and rubber plantation has the lowest with the range of 16.1 - 2270.7 ugN2O m-2day-1. Measurement of N2O from managed soil to determine annual emissions should be done at all crop types, soil types, considering crops growth phase and also high sampling frequency to prevent an over or underestimation

Methane Emission From Paddy Fields as Influenced by Different Water Regimes in Central Java

The concentration of methane (CH4) in the atmosphere is increasing at 1% per annum and rice fields are one of the sources that contribute to about 10-15% of the atmospheric CH4. One of the options to reduce greenhouse gas emission from rice fields is probably through water management. A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of water management practices on CH4 emission from rice field plots on a silty sand Aeric Tropaquept soil at Research Station for Agricultural Environment Preservation, Jakenan, Central Java, Indonesia, during the dry season of March to June 2002. Four water regimes tested were: (1) 5 cm continuous flooding (CF), (2) 0-1 cm continuous flooding (ST), (3) intermittent irrigation (IR) where plots received continuously 5 cm of flooding with two times of draining at 15-20 and 25-30 days after transplanting (DAT), and (4) pulse irrigation (PI) where plots were watered until 5 cm level and left to dry by itself until the water table reached 30 cm beneath soil surface then watered again. The total CH4 emissions of the four water treatments were 254, 185, 136 and 96 kg CH4 ha-1 for CF, ST, IR and PI, respectively. Methane emission increased during the early growing season, which coincided with the low redox potential of -100 to -150 mV in all treatments. Dry matter weight of straw and filled grain among the water treatments did not show significant differences. Likewise, total grain yield at 14% moisture content was not significantly different among treatments. However, this result should be carefully interpreted because the rice plants in all water treatments were infested by stem borer, which reduced the total grain yield of IR64 between 11% and 16%. This study suggests that intermittent and pulse irrigation practices will be important not only for water use efficiency, but also for CH4 emission reduction

Bioremediasi untuk Menurunkan Kadar Insektisida Klordan di Lahan Sawah

Bioremediation is one of the effective ways to remediate pesticide-contaminated land, in order to reduce environmental pollution problems. Bacillus substillis, Heliothrix oregonensis, Catenococcus thiocycli,and Achoromobacter sp are soil microbes which are capable of lowering the levels of chlordanein the fields. These microbes derived from preliminary research results indigenous soil insulation in the Laboratory of Microbiology LIPI Cibinong. This research is aimed to determine the decrease levels of chlordane in paddy fields cultivated with rice Ciherang variety using bioremediation treatment. The soil used for the planting medium is taken from Cilamaya village, District CilamayaWetan, Karawang. This research is conducted at Jakenan Research Station from January to December 2013. This research uses activated carbon coated urea and biochar enriched by indigenous microbes with a dose 250 kg/ha. This research is designed by using complete randomized block design which is repeated three times with for 40 ml microbial concorcia populations 109 in 1 kg of urea coated by biochar or activated carbon. The microplot size 1 x 1 m with spacing of 20 x 20 cm. Insecticide residue analyzes carried out in Balingtan Laboratory in Bogor by gas chromatography, using the SNI 06-6991.1-2004method. The result shows biochar coconutshell-coated urea enriched with microbes in rice farming can reduce pesticide residues chlordane amountedto 27.10

N2O Emission From Managed Soil Under Different Crops in Rainfed Area, Central Java

N2O emission from agriculture has been assumed to increase by 30-35% until 2030. This gas has a major contribute to the emission from agriculture. N2O emission from managed soils is the 2nd contributor to green house gas (GHG) emission from agriculture in Indonesia. Rainfed area requested high management input. This research aimed to examine N2O emission from different crops in the rainfed area and its affecting factors, also to identify things that need to be considered in conducting N2O measurement from managed soil. Research conducted in Pati and Blora District, Central Java Province. Four (4) different experimental sites with 4 different crops were chosen. Those were mung bean, rubber plantation and sugarcane which located within Pati District, and maize crop which located in Blora District. No treatment was applied. Gas samples were taken following the day after fertilizing. Daily N2O fluxes from managed soil in tropical land of Indonesia determine by several factors, which are: days after fertilizing, fertilizer type and dosage, previous land use, growth phase of crops, sampling point and soil characteristic. The peak time was mostly influenced by crop type. Maize has the highest N2O daily fluxes with the range of 311.9 - 9651.6 ugN2O m-2day-1 and rubber plantation has the lowest with the range of 16.1 - 2270.7 ugN2O m-2day-1. Measurement of N2O from managed soil to determine annual emissions should be done at all crop types, soil types, considering crops growth phase and also high sampling frequency to prevent an over or underestimation