EphrinA5 protein distribution in the developing mouse brain

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>EphrinA5 is one of the best-studied members of the Eph-ephrin family of guidance molecules, known to be involved in brain developmental processes. Using in situ hybridization, ephrinA5 mRNA expression has been detected in the retinotectal, the thalamocortical, and the olfactory systems; however, no study focused on the distribution of the protein. Considering that this membrane-anchored molecule may act far from the neuron soma expressing the transcript, it is of a crucial interest to localize ephrinA5 protein to better understand its function.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Using immunohistochemistry, we found that ephrinA5 protein is highly expressed in the developing mouse brain from E12.5 to E16.5. The olfactory bulb, the cortex, the striatum, the thalamus, and the colliculi showed high intensity of labelling, suggesting its implication in topographic mapping of olfactory, retinocollicular, thalamocortical, corticothalamic and mesostriatal systems. In the olfactory nerve, we found an early ephrinA5 protein expression at E12.5 suggesting its implication in the guidance of primary olfactory neurons into the olfactory bulb. In the thalamus, we detected a dynamic graduated protein expression, suggesting its role in the corticothalamic patterning, whereas ephrinA5 protein expression in the target region of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones indicated its involvement in the mesostriatal topographic mapping. Following E16.5, the signal faded gradually and was barely detectable at P0, suggesting a main role for ephrinA5 in primary molecular events in topographic map formation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our work shows that ephrinA5 protein is expressed in restrictive regions of the developing mouse brain. This expression pattern points out the potential sites of action of this molecule in the olfactory, retinotectal, thalamocortical, corticothalamic and mesostriatal systems, during development. This study is essential to better understand the role of ephrinA5 during developmental topographic mapping of connections and to further characterise the mechanisms involved in pathway restoration following cell transplantation in the damaged brain.</p

Ovotoxic Effects of Galactose Involve Attenuation of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Bioactivity and Up-Regulation of Granulosa Cell p53 Expression

Clinical evidence suggests an association between galactosaemia and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI); however, the mechanism still remains unresolved. Experimental galactose toxicity in rats produces an array of ovarian dysfunction including ovarian development with deficient follicular reserve and follicular resistance to gonadotrophins that characterize the basic tenets of human POI. The present investigation explores if galactose toxicity in rats attenuates the bioactivity of gonadotrophins or interferes with their receptor competency, and accelerates the rate of follicular atresia. Pregnant rats were fed isocaloric food-pellets supplemented with or without 35% D-galactose from day-3 of gestation and continuing through weaning of the litters. The 35-day old female litters were autopsied. Serum galactose-binding capacity, galactosyltransferase (GalTase) activity, and bioactivity of FSH and LH together with their receptor competency were assessed. Ovarian follicular atresia was evaluated in situ by TUNEL. The in vitro effects of galactose were studied in isolated whole follicles in respect of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and expression of caspase 3, and in isolated granulosa cells in respect of mitochondrial membrane potential, expression of p53, and apoptosis. The rats prenatally exposed to galactose exhibited significantly decreased serum GalTase activity and greater degree of galactose-incorporation capacity of sera proteins. LH biopotency and LH-FSH receptor competency were comparable between the control and study population, but the latter group showed significantly attenuated FSH bioactivity and increased rate of follicular atresia. In culture, galactose increased follicular generation of ROS and expression of caspase 3. In isolated granulosa cells, galactose disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, stimulated p53 expression, and induced apoptosis in vitro; however co-treatment with either FSH or estradiol significantly prevented galactose-induced granulosa cell p53 expression. We conclude that the ovotoxic effects of galactose involves attenuation of FSH bioactivity that renders the ovary resistant to gonadotrophins leading to increased granulosa cell expression of p53 and follicular atresia

Oligodendrocytes: biology and pathology

Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS). They are the end product of a cell lineage which has to undergo a complex and precisely timed program of proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination to finally produce the insulating sheath of axons. Due to this complex differentiation program, and due to their unique metabolism/physiology, oligodendrocytes count among the most vulnerable cells of the CNS. In this review, we first describe the different steps eventually culminating in the formation of mature oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths, as they were revealed by studies in rodents. We will then show differences and similarities of human oligodendrocyte development. Finally, we will lay out the different pathways leading to oligodendrocyte and myelin loss in human CNS diseases, and we will reveal the different principles leading to the restoration of myelin sheaths or to a failure to do so

The Shark Alar Hypothalamus:Molecular Characterization of Prosomeric Subdivisions and Evolutionary Trends

The hypothalamus is an important physiologic center of the vertebrate brain involved in the elaboration of individual and species survival responses. To better understand the ancestral organization of the alar hypothalamus we revisit previous data on ScOtp, ScDlx2/5, ScTbr1, ScNkx2.1 expression and Pax6 immunoreactivity jointly with new data on ScNeurog2, ScLhx9, ScLhx5, and ScNkx2.8 expression, in addition to immunoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) and doublecourtin (DCX) in the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula, a key species for this purpose since cartilaginous fishes are basal representatives of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Our study revealed a complex genoarchitecture for the chondrichthyan alar hypothalamus. We identified terminal (rostral) and peduncular (caudal) subdivisions in the prosomeric paraventricular and subparaventricular areas (TPa/PPa and TSPa/PSPa, respectively) evidenced by the expression pattern of developmental genes like ScLhx5 (TPa) and immunoreactivity against Pax6 (PSPa) and 5-HT (PPa and PSPa). Dorso-ventral subdivisions were only evidenced in the SPa (SPaD, SPaV; respectively) by means of Pax6 and ScNkx2.8 (respectively). Interestingly, ScNkx2.8 expression overlap over the alar-basal boundary, as Nkx2.2 does in other vertebrates. Our results reveal evidences for the existence of different groups of tangentially migrated cells expressing ScOtp, Pax6 and ScDlx2. The genoarchitectonic comparative analysis suggests alternative interpretations of the rostral-most alar plate in prosomeric terms and reveals a conserved molecular background for the vertebrate alar hypothalamus likely acquired before/during the agnathan-gnathostome transition, on which Otp, Pax6, Lhx5, and Neurog2 are expressed in the Pa while Dlx and Nkx2.2/Nkx2.8 are expressed in the SPa

Etude de l'expression de la molécule de guidage éphrine-A5 dans le cerveau de souris au cours du développement (implication dans la mise en place de la voie mésostriatale)

Le fonctionnement du système nerveux dépend de la mise en place d'un réseau complexe de connexions neuronales au cours du développement embryonnaire et postnatal. Comprendre comment ces réseaux neuronaux s'établissent est un axe majeur de la neurobiologie du développement. Au-delà de son importance fondamentale, la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du guidage axonal représente un enjeu capital pour appréhender les situations pathologiques consécutives à des troubles lésionnels ou dégénératifs du système nerveux, compte tenu de l'importance des mécanismes développementaux dans la réparation des circuits neuronaux adultes. Au sein de l'équipe Physiopathologie des Troubles Neurodégénératifs et Adaptatifs de l unité CNRS UMR 6187, le Pr. Afsaneh Gaillard a récemment réussi à reconstruire la voie nigrostriée dans un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson, par greffe de cellules embryonnaires issues du mésencéphale ventral. Afin d'identifier les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu, nous nous sommes attachés à étudier les mécanismes de guidage axonal des neurones dopaminergiques issus du mésencéphale ventral vers leur région cible, le striatum, pendant l embryogenèse chez la souris. De précédentes études ont suggéré l'implication du couple de molécules de guidage éphrine-A5/EphA5 en se basant sur l'expression de leurs ARNm respectivement mis en évidence dans le striatum et dans le mésencéphale ventral. Cependant, aucune implication fonctionnelle n'a été démontrée. Ainsi, nous sommes-nous tout d'abord attachés à décrire, in vivo, l'expression de la protéine éphrine-A5 par immunohistochimie dans le système nerveux central de la souris au cours du développement, avant d'émettre l'hypothèse de l'implication de l'interaction éphrine-A5/EphA5 dans la mise en place de la voie mésostriatale. Nous avons notamment détecté à proximité des axones dopaminergiques, pendant l'embryogenèse et le développement post-natal, l'expression de la protéine éphrine-A5 dans le thalamus, dans le télencéphale ventral selon un gradient décroissant rostro-caudal et ventro-dorsal, et dans le striatum. Nous avons montré, in vitro par immunocytochimie et in vivo par immunohistochimie, qu'une proportion de neurones dopaminergiques exprime la protéine réceptrice EphA5. De plus, nous avons observé, par stripe assay, que la protéine purifiée éphrine-A5 exerce un effet répulsif sur la majorité des projections dopaminergiques. Chez l'embryon dont le gène codant pour éphrine-A5 a été invalidé, nous avons mis en évidence, par western blot, une diminution de l expression de la tyrosine hydroxylase, marqueur des neurones catécholaminergiques, dans le mésencéphale ventral. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que les éphrines-A, et plus particulièrement éphrine-A5, participent au guidage axonal et à la mise en place topographique des connexions dopaminergiques mésostriatales. Ce travail nous a amenés à proposer un nouveau modèle de guidage axonal des connexions dopaminergiques mésostriatales chez la souris, dans lequel l'interaction répulsive éphrine-A5/EphA5 participerait au maintien de la trajectoire rostro-ventrale de la voie mésostriatale et à la distribution topographique des projections dans le striatum.Nervous system activity depends on the establishment of a complex network of neuronal connections during embryonic and postnatal development. Understanding how these neural networks are established is a major focus of developmental neurobiology. Beyond its fundamental importance and given the significance of developmental mechanisms in the repair of adult neural circuits, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon guidance is necessary to understand the pathological conditions resulting from lesions or degenerative disorders of the nervous system. In the Physiolopathologie des Troubles Neurodégénératifs et Adaptatifs CNRS UMR 6187 laboratory, Prof. Afsaneh Gaillard managed to restore the nigrostriatal pathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by grafting embryonic cells from the ventral midbrain in the substantia nigra. This work suggests that guidance cues are present in the adult tissue and may help to repair this pathway. In order to identify the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in this pathological condition, we investigated the mechanisms of guidance of dopaminergic neurons arising from the ventral midbrain during embryogenesis and connecting onto the striatum. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of ephrin-A5/EphA5 guidance molecules. However, no functional role neither expression of these proteins have been demonstrated up to now. We then showed, using immunohistochemistry, that ephrin-A5 protein is widely expressed in the central nervous system of mice during development. We more particularly detected ephrin-A5 in the vicinity of midbrain dopaminergic axons in the thalamus, the ventral forebrain and the striatum. Moreover, we showed, that a proportion of dopaminergic neurons express the receptor protein EphA5. In addition, we observed, in stripe assay, that the purified protein ephrin-A5 has a repellent effect on dopaminergic projections. Finally, the study of ephrin-A5 knock-out mouse embryos exhibited a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (used as marker for midbrain dopaminergic neurons) expression in the substantia nigra. Overall, this study suggests that ephrins-A and particularly ephrin-A5 may participate in the axon guidance of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway. This led us to propose a new model of axon guidance of dopaminergic mesostriatal connections in mice, in which the repulsive interaction between ephrin-A5, expressed in the microenvironnement of dopaminergic fibers, and EphA5, expressed on midbrain dopaminergic neurons, participate in the maintenance of the rostro-ventral trajectory of this pathway and in the topographic distribution of dopaminergic projections onto the striatum.POITIERS-BU Sciences (861942102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Behavior of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis in a Four Lactococcus Strain Starter during Successive Milk Cultures

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Evolution of the Raw Cow Milk Microflora, Especially Lactococci,Enterococci, Leuconostocs and Lactobacilli over a Successive 12 Day Milking Regime

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