CYP2A6*4 allele gene high frequency associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among Javanese Indonesian smokers

The CYP2A6 gene, which codes the CYP2A6 enzyme, has known to have ahigh polymorphism. This polymorphism could decrease, increase, or eliminate the CYP2A6 enzyme activity. CYP2A6*4, an inactive allele, decreased the CYP2A6 enzyme activity. One of the CYP2A6 enzyme-specific substrates is nicotine. This inactive allele could decrease nicotine metabolism that causes high nicotine levels in the blood. In addition, it caused the increasing levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) by expanding the lipolysis process. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the CYP2A6*4 allele gene on LDL-C levels. Respondents in this study were 31 male Javanese smokers. This research is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods use to identification the CYP2A6*4 allele gene. This study shows that a high-frequency CYP2A6*4 alleles gene among the subject was detected, with an allele frequency is 93.55%. Furthermore, this CYP2A6*4 allele gene did not impact LDL-C levels, with the Odd Ratio value was 1.636 (P-Value = 0.737). In conclusion, the CYP2A6*4 allele gene does not significantly affect the LDL-C levels in Javanese Indonesian smokers

The effect of L1 on L2 formulaic expression production

Ankara : The Program of Teaching English as a Foreign Language Bilkent University, 2014.Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 2014.Includes bibliographical references leaves 66-71.This study explores whether congruencies in an individual's native language (L1, Turkish) have an effect on the production of formulaic expressions and their respective contexts in that individual's second language (L2, English). The study was carried out with an ENG101 class of 15 students at Bilkent University, Faculty of Academic English. In order to determine the effect of the availability of L1 equivalences on the production of L2 formulaic expressions and their contexts, the participants were given two pre-tests (a Discourse Completion Test and a Writing Prompt) to assess their ability to produce idioms in English and their appropriate contexts. After the pre-tests, the sample participated in two one-hour workshops on the target idioms that related them to their Turkish counterparts in three categories: Category I, word-for-word English translations of the idiom used in Turkish; Category II, conceptually similar English versions of the idiom used in Turkish; and Category III, idioms specific to the English language. After the workshops, the participants were given the same tests as post-tests in order to observe any improvement they might have made due to the treatment. The participants were also given a questionnaire regarding their opinions on the effectiveness of the workshop. The results of the study showed that there was a relatively equal rate of improvement in all three categories of idioms. The one-way ANOVA test conducted confirmed that one category was not easier for the participants than the others to improve on. The participants improved at an equal rate in all categories. However, the starting and ending point was highest in Category II, conceptually similar idioms. These findings suggest that explicit instruction of any category of idioms can promote their production, and the production of their contexts, and that the students generally respond positively to a methodology involving comparisons with their L1. The findings of this study provide insight into the teaching of formulaic language. Teachers and students can benefit from the results of the current study by including target formulaic expressions in their course curricula, and determining the appropriateness or favorability of drawing comparisons to the students' L1 when learning such expressions in L2.Preiffer, KyleM.S

The association between knowledge and cardiovascular risk in high school students in Bali Indonesia

Cardiovascular disease is one of the health problems that cause significant health, economic, and social burdens. Generally, cardiovascular disease starts to appear clinically at the age of 40 years and over. Currently, diabetes can appear early because of an unhealthy lifestyle since childhood. Senior high school students, the nation's next generation, are essential assets for the country. The school-age intervention is expected to increase student awareness for anticipating cardiovascular disease. This study focused on evaluating the relationship between the level of knowledge related to cardiovascular disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease in high school students. This study is an analytic observational with a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study to measure the level of knowledge and cardiovascular risk are a closed-ended questionnaire, digital sphygmomanometer, scale, height meter, body measuring tape, and blood glucose self-test device. The total study population was 207 students from two senior high schools in Bali. Almost one-third of the subjects have high blood pressure. Nearly a quarter of the subjects are overweight-obese and have waist circumference above normal. The result showed no significant difference relationship between the level of knowledge and cardiovascular risk (P >0.05). Therefore, further education is needed to instil healthy behaviors to control cardiovascular risk factors as early as possible. In conclusion, there is no relationship between the level of knowledge on cardiovascular risk in two senior high schools in Bali

The association between knowledge and cardiovascular risk in high school students in Bali Indonesia

Cardiovascular disease is one of the health problems that cause significant health, economic, and social burdens. Generally, cardiovascular disease starts to appear clinically at the age of 40 years and over. Currently, diabetes can appear early because of an unhealthy lifestyle since childhood. Senior high school students, the nation's next generation, are essential assets for the country. The school-age intervention is expected to increase student awareness for anticipating cardiovascular disease. This study focused on evaluating the relationship between the level of knowledge related to cardiovascular disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease in high school students. This study is an analytic observational with a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study to measure the level of knowledge and cardiovascular risk are a closed-ended questionnaire, digital sphygmomanometer, scale, height meter, body measuring tape, and blood glucose self-test device. The total study population was 207 students from two senior high schools in Bali. Almost one-third of the subjects have high blood pressure. Nearly a quarter of the subjects are overweight-obese and have waist circumference above normal. The result showed no significant difference relationship between the level of knowledge and cardiovascular risk (P >0.05). Therefore, further education is needed to instil healthy behaviors to control cardiovascular risk factors as early as possible. In conclusion, there is no relationship between the level of knowledge on cardiovascular risk in two senior high schools in Bali

The 1997 annual : volume I Training/ Preiffer (edt)

x, 305 hal.; 23 cm

CYP2A6*4 allele gene high frequency associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) among Javanese Indonesian smokers

The CYP2A6 gene, which codes the CYP2A6 enzyme, has known to have ahigh polymorphism. This polymorphism could decrease, increase, or eliminate the CYP2A6 enzyme activity. CYP2A6*4, an inactive allele, decreased the CYP2A6 enzyme activity. One of the CYP2A6 enzyme-specific substrates is nicotine. This inactive allele could decrease nicotine metabolism that causes high nicotine levels in the blood. In addition, it caused the increasing levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) by expanding the lipolysis process. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of the CYP2A6*4 allele gene on LDL-C levels. Respondents in this study were 31 male Javanese smokers. This research is an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods use to identification the CYP2A6*4 allele gene. This study shows that a high-frequency CYP2A6*4 alleles gene among the subject was detected, with an allele frequency is 93.55%. Furthermore, this CYP2A6*4 allele gene did not impact LDL-C levels, with the Odd Ratio value was 1.636 (P-Value = 0.737). In conclusion, the CYP2A6*4 allele gene does not significantly affect the LDL-C levels in Javanese Indonesian smokers