Heavy metal water pollution- A case study

Heavy metals are dangerous because they tend to bioaccumulate. Bioaccumulation means an increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any time they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. Heavy metals can enter a water supply by industrial and consumer waste, or even from acidic rain breaking down soils and releasing heavy metals into streams, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. Heavy metal toxicity can result in damaged or reduced mental and central nervous function, lower energy levels, and damage to blood composition, lungs, kidneys, liver, and other vital organs. Long-term exposure may result in slowly progressing physical, muscular, and neurological degenerative processes that mimic Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, muscular dystrophy, and multiple sclerosis. Allergies are not uncommon and repeated long-term contact with some metals or their compounds may even cause cancer (International Occupational Safety and Health Centre1999). &nbsp

HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION IN DENGUE: A TERITARY CARE HOSPITAL EXPERINCE

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate liver dysfunction in patients with dengue infections and corelation between liver function test and platelet count. Methods: Hospital-based case−control study conducted on 141 hospitalized with Dengue infection (NS 1 and IgM positive). Dengue seropositive patients are selected and subjected to complete blood count and liver function tests were analyzed. Results: The participants were found to have elevated levels of SGOT, SGPT levels, and lower levels of serum albumin and platelet count as compare to control on evaluation. The significant negative correlation was noted between SGOT/SGPT levels and baseline platelet counts levels. The Pearson correlation between platelet count and SGOT showed r=−0.185 and p<0.01 which proves that when platelet count decreases, the SGOT levels increases. Similarly, for the correlation between platelet count and SGPT showed r=−0.166 and <0.01 which proves that when platelet count decreases, the SGPT levels increase. Conclusion: Statistically significant corelation was observed between liver enzymes with platelet count. Furthermore, the severity of dengue infection predicted the severity of liver derangements. It is recommended that patients with dengue infections be screened for hepatic dysfunction. As hepatic dysfunction in dengue is transient and reversible, early identification of the same would help to reduce life threatening complications

Target Network Selection Algorithm based on Required Dwell Time Estimation

In wireless communication of fourth generation the expectation to integrate a diverse heterogeneous wireless network leads to a worldwide seamless mobility. For seamless mobility in heterogenous wireless networks, selection of best target network from available network is primary goal for handovers. To achieve this goal, we devise a target network selection algorithm to enhance the user satisfaction level.The method relies on a dwell time and prediction of received signal strength. By observing the Predicted received signal strength for a specified dwell time duration, a mobile node is able to decide whether to tigger the handoff process or not. Once the handoff process is triggered. Target network is selected depending upon a cost function. The Simulated results shows that, the proposed algorithm improves the handover performance by measuring the received signal strength accurately. It also selects the optimum target network quantitatively. Therefore, results obtained through our proposed algorithm are more accurate as compared to existing handover algorithms

Sampling - Variational Auto Encoder - Ensemble: In the Quest of Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) models have recently attracted a great deal of interest from a variety of application sectors. Despite significant developments in this area, there are still no standardized methods or approaches for understanding AI model outputs. A systematic and cohesive framework is also increasingly necessary to incorporate new techniques like discriminative and generative models to close the gap. This paper contributes to the discourse on XAI by presenting an empirical evaluation based on a novel framework: Sampling - Variational Auto Encoder (VAE) - Ensemble Anomaly Detection (SVEAD). It is a hybrid architecture where VAE combined with ensemble stacking and SHapley Additive exPlanations are used for imbalanced classification. The finding reveals that combining ensemble stacking, VAE, and SHAP can. not only lead to better model performance but also provide an easily explainable framework. This work has used SHAP combined with Permutation Importance and Individual Conditional Expectations to create a powerful interpretability of the model. The finding has an important implication in the real world, where the need for XAI is paramount to boost confidence in AI applications.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, IEEE conference (IEIT 2023

STABILITY INDICATING METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR ESTIMATION OF DORIPENEM IN BULK AND IN SOLID DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC

A robust and reliable high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) approach was developed and validated for the analysis of Doripenem in pharmaceutical dosage form. The method is characterised by its simplicity, selectivity, precision, and capacity to accurately determine the stability of Doripenem. The experimental setup included the use of a Hypersil BDS-C18 column (250 X 4.6 mm ID, 5 µm) as the stationary phase in a chromatographic system. The mobile phase consisted of a combination of methanol and potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate with a pH of 6.7, in a ratio of 20:80. The flow rate of the mobile phase was set at 1 ml/min. The detection of the eluents occurred at a wavelength of 290 nm. The observed retention time for Doripenem was 5.56 minutes. Doripenem underwent acid and alkali hydrolysis, oxidation, photochemical degradation, and heat degradation. The results obtained from the linear regression analysis of the calibration plot demonstrated a strong linear connection within the concentration range of 70 – 130 µg/ml, as shown by a correlation coefficient value of 0.9995. The methodology was assessed to determine its precision, accuracy, ruggedness, and robustness. The medication experiences deterioration when exposed to environments characterised by acidity, alkalinity, photochemical reactions, and thermal stress. The active medicinal component exhibited distinct retention periods for each of its degradation product peaks, indicating successful resolution. The approach's ability to successfully isolate the medication from its degradation products renders it suitable for use as a stability-indicating method

Paraurethral leomyoma: a manageable challenge

Leiomyoma is a most common benign tumour of uterus. But it is very rare in vagina urethral and paraurethral. There are approximately 330 case reports are available in literature and the paraurethral site is extremely uncommon. Here, we report a case of 38-year nulliparous woman presented with complain of mass coming out of vagina as well as dyspareunia. Provisional diagnosis of anterior vaginal cyst along with the differential diagnosis of paraurethral and anterior wall vaginal leiomyoma was made. Transvaginal removal of mass was done and diagnosis of paraurethral leiomyoma was confirmed by histopathology

Chemical denaturants induced folding unfolding pathway of the recombinant zebrafish dihydrofolate reductase

148-156Denaturation of proteins plays a crucial part in cellular activities. In this study, we have investigated the folding unfolding pathways of zebrafish dihydrofolate reductase (zDHFR) in presence of different chemical denaturants which were found to be an influential factor for the refolding yield by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis. The activity change of zDHFR has been observed in presence of three different denaturants like Acetic Acid (AcOH), Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), and Ethanol (C2H5OH). Spectrophotometric analysis reveals that protein unfolded completely at different concentrations and times by these denaturants. The spontaneous refolding experiments of chemically denatured zDHFR were also conducted to verify the spontaneous refolding yield. These investigations have helped us to decipher a picture about the denaturants contributing to achieving the refolding yield. We observed that acetic acid is a stronger denaturant among all, and the spontaneous refolding yields were higher from SDS denaturation. In the light of the above findings, higher spontaneous refolding yields were obtained from the low concentration of denaturants

IoT Enabled Smart Garbage Monitoring System

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a commonly used technology because of its various advantages. Building an overall architecture for the IoT is subsequently an unpredictable task, essentially due to the very large variety of gadgets and interface layer advancements. These days many steps are made to provide cleanliness in the country and to make the climate ecofriendly. One of the principle worries with our current scenario has been solid waste management which not only impacts the wellbeing as well as climate. The indication, observation and management of garbage dustbins are one of the fundamental issues of the ongoing time frame.. The traditionally used techniques of physically monitoring the garbage in bins is an awkward cycle and uses more human exertion, time and cost which can undoubtedly be stayed away from with our current innovations. Therefore objective of this paper is to design automated garbage Monitoring System. By using this proposed model people don’t have to screen all of the systems actually and warning will be issued if the container will get filled

Phytochemicals Perturb Membranes and Promiscuously Alter Protein Function

A wide variety of phytochemicals are consumed for their perceived health benefits. Many of these phytochemicals have been found to alter numerous cell functions, but the mechanisms underlying their biological activity tend to be poorly understood. Phenolic phytochemicals are particularly promiscuous modifiers of membrane protein function, suggesting that some of their actions may be due to a common, membrane bilayer-mediated mechanism. To test whether bilayer perturbation may underlie this diversity of actions, we examined five bioactive phenols reported to have medicinal value: capsaicin from chili peppers, curcumin from turmeric, EGCG from green tea, genistein from soybeans, and resveratrol from grapes. We find that each of these widely consumed phytochemicals alters lipid bilayer properties and the function of diverse membrane proteins. Molecular dynamics simulations show that these phytochemicals modify bilayer properties by localizing to the bilayer/solution interface. Bilayer-modifying propensity was verified using a gramicidin-based assay, and indiscriminate modulation of membrane protein function was demonstrated using four proteins: membrane-anchored metalloproteases, mechanosensitive ion channels, and voltage-dependent potassium and sodium channels. Each protein exhibited similar responses to multiple phytochemicals, consistent with a common, bilayer-mediated mechanism. Our results suggest that many effects of amphiphilic phytochemicals are due to cell membrane perturbations, rather than specific protein binding

Current Perspective on the Membrane-Damaging Action of Thermostable Direct Hemolysin, an Atypical Bacterial Pore-forming Toxin

Thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) is the major virulence determinant of the gastroenteric bacterial pathoge