Isometric torque affected by its position and posture

A hand cranking mechanical frictional setup was developed using anthropometric dimensions of Madhya Pradesh farm women.  The setup had a provision for attaching on-line torque transducer. Variable crank length was provided that could be adjusted as per the farm women (workers).  The setup had also a provision for rising up and down to match workers’ conditions. Isometric torque was measured at each quadrant positions of handle (0°, 90°, 180° and 270°) at different crank lengths (17.5, 21, 24, 27 and 30 cm).  Higher torque was developed by farm women in standing posture as compared to sitting.  The crank length up to 27 cm gave better torque at nearly all positions.  The lowest torque may be considered for designing the equipment amongst all positions of handle so that human being could easily operate the equipment

Social Divisions among the Indian Labouring Masses

Dalits and women in India are denied even minimum representation in policy making and accessing national resources. Highly under-represented in state machinery, media, and all higher wage employments, they are highly over-represented in low wage, highly labour intensive, and hazardous jobs. For them, facing exploitation and discrimination, not only by the state and the employers but also by their fellow workers, is a constant reality. The social, cultural, economic, and political systems in India are built to operate in such a way as to produce and reproduce the social divisions continuously and aggravate the problems of divisions among the labourers. The labour movements, which are supposed to oppose this unjust system, have generally ignored the issue of representation of dalits and women as they operate as part and parcel of the same social system that produces and reproduces ascriptive divisiveness

Comparative study of assay of free radical damage in in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo conditions

Background: Interception of free radical events and damage in clinical situation remain arbitrary with poor understanding on antioxidant pharmacology. Methods: Experiments on in vitro per-oxidation insult as well as assumed free radical damage situation in ischemia reperfusion are examined for profile of malondialdehyde rise and effect of Gikgobiloba treatment by different schedule.Results: Effect of Ginkgobiloba was seen on ischemia reperfusion induced, hydrogen peroxide induced and ferric chloride induced methods. Antioxidant effect of Ginkgobiloba was consistent in all techniques.Conclusions: Results reveal the significance of complementary experiment to elaborate issue of antioxidants

Free radicals and antioxidants in normal versus cancerous cells — An overview

Oxygen is vital for aerobic processes of metabolism and respiration- It has been also implicated in many diseases and degenerative conditions. Free radicals formed from reactive oxygen and nitrogen species act as key players in the initiation and progression of tumor cells and enhance their metastatic potential. The imbalance in the formation and use of free radicals in the tissue creates oxidative stress. Inadequacy in normal cells antioxidant defense system or excessive free radical formation or even both can cause the cell to experience the oxidative stress. This review outlines the involvement of free radicals in different aspects of cancer, from prevention to initiation, progression, treatment and to reduce morbidity and mortality

Infrared (8-12 um) Dome Materials: Current Status

The 8-12 um range of infrared radiation being very significant for various electrooptic applications, various materials present themselves as candidates for use as dome (window) materialsin this range. This paper discusses various thermal, mechanical and optical properties of thesematerials. Further, trends in the development of these materials are also presented

RESEARCH AND REVIEWS: JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES Effect of Ginkgo biloba on Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Oxidant Stress in Rats

ABSTRACT Ginkgo biloba extract was evaluated for prophylactic value against renal ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidant stress in rat subjected to transient unilateral renal artery ligation. Oral Ginkgo biloba treatment (2mg/kg) was administered by different schedule before experimental induction of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Malondialdehyde has been taken as indicator for free radical damage produced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Three hour pretreatment by the drug has most prominent inhibitory effect on consequent tissue and plasma malondialdehyde level of lipid peroxidation. Further, the relative inhibition of malondialdehyde level in tissue and plasma allow to infer drug effect on generation, but not the clearance of malondialdehyde. No significant difference of outcome from 1, 2 and 3 days treatment indicate no cumulation and thus safety in that respect. Ginkgo biloba treatment appears both effective and safe for prophylaxis of reperfusion injury following ischemia catastrophies

Type IIA2 urethral duplication: Report of an unusual case

Objective This report describes a rare case of type IIA2 sagittal urethral   duplication. Summary background data The presentation, investigation, and  management of this rare anomaly are briefly discussed.Methods A 3½-year-old boy presented with urinary obstruction and recurrent urinary tract infection due to a stenosed dorsal urethra and segmental stenosis of the dominant ventral urethra. The child also had left-sided vesicoureteric reflux. Staged surgical management consisted of an initial vesicostomy followed by serial dilatation of the ventral urethral stricture, left ureteric reimplantation, and a 2-cm long distal urethrourethrostomy between the dorsal urethra, opening at the tip of the penis, and the ventral urethra, which had a hypospadic opening at the base of the glans.Results The functional and cosmetic outcomes were satisfactory.Conclusion The management needs to be individualizedas best suited for the patient.Keywords: urethra, urethral duplication, urethral strictur

Study of dengue outbreak in north west zone of Rajasthan, India

Background: Dengue is one of the most important mosquito-borne viral disease globally. The virus is the member of flavivirus group which typically is a single stranded RNA virus. It is 2nd most common arthropod borne disease in India. Due to its atypical presentation often, dengue missed out as a differential diagnosis. High clinical suspicion and proper investigation help in early diagnosis of dengue and its complications.Methods: A total of 200 patients were selected to be a part of study after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only those patients were included in the study who had classical features of dengue- fever with chills, body ache, headache and thrombocytopenia and had a positive serology against dengue virus. Patients who had malaria, enteric fever, and negative serology were excluded from the study. Other causes of pancreatitis, pneumonitis, ascitis, cholangitis, pleural effusion and thrombocytopenia are rolled out. All patients were subjected to a detailed history and a thorough clinical examination. A complete blood count, liver function tests, renal function tests, chest X-ray and USG abdomen were also done.Results: Among 200 patients diagnosed as dengue fever,106 were male and 94 female. 78% patient were from urban and majority were from 20-30 years age group. Average duration of stay in hospital is 3.5 days. Along with fever and malaise, pain abdomen, bleeding diathesis, itching, cough were the major complaints in decreasing order. Different findings in the investigations are: Mean WBC counts - 4251, mean platelet counts - 41831, mean hematocret - 41.8, mean MPV- 8.55, number of patients with deranged ALT/AST- 88(44%). In USG ascitis and edematous gall bladder were the major findings followed by hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and pleural effusion. Number of patients required platelet transfusion were 60. Among these 60 patients average number of RDP transfused is 2 units.Conclusions: Present study concludes that clinical vigilance about various type of presentations is important as timely recognition can influence outcome and may prevent compilations

Type IIA2 urethral duplication: report of an unusual case

This report describes a rare case of type IIA2 sagittal urethral duplication. The presentation, investigation, and management of this rare anomaly are briefly discussed. A 3½-year-old boy presented with urinary obstruction and recurrent urinary tract infection due to a stenosed dorsal urethra and segmental stenosis of the dominant ventral urethra. The child also had left-sided vesicoureteric reflux. Staged surgical management consisted of an initial vesicostomy followed by serial dilatation of the ventral urethral stricture, left ureteric reimplantation, and a 2-cm long distal urethrourethrostomy between the dorsal urethra, opening at the tip of the penis, and the ventral urethra, which had a hypospadic opening at the base of the glans. The functional and cosmetic outcomes were satisfactory. The management needs to be individualized as best suited for the patient.Keywords: urethra, urethral duplication, urethral strictur