POTENSI KONFLIK DARI INTERAKSI PERIKANAN PUKAT HELA DALAM PEMANFAATAN SUMBER DAYA IKAN DI PERAIRAN ARAFURA

Armada penangkapan dominan yang berkembang di Laut Arafura ialah pukat udang dan pukat ikan. Kedua armada tersebut memiliki kesamaan dalam hal lokasi penangkapan, musim penangkapan dan hasil tangkapan, namun spesifikasi alat tangkap tersebut berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji interaksi perikanan pukat hela dan potensi konflik dalam pemanfaatan sumberdaya ikan di Laut Arafura. Metode yang digunakan ialah analisis kualitatif (conflict wheel dan conflict tree) statistik deskriptif menggunakan data perikanan PPN Ambon tahun 2007-2010. Hasil analisis potensi konflik menunjukkan interaksi kedua perikanan tersebut berpeluang menjadi konflik, karena faktor dinamis sulit dikonsolidasikan pada kondisi kebijakan pengelolaan saat ini. Peringkat peluang penerapan penyelesaian masalah dari penelitian sebelumnya berturut-turut, yakni: (1) pemanfaatan hasil tangkapan sampingan; (2) penerbitan izin yang selektif dan ketat; (3) pengelolaan berbasis kelompok (kluster); (4) pemasangan TED dengan disain yang optimal; serta (5) moratorium penangkapan.Dominant fishing fleet that is growing in Arafuru sea is shrimp trawl and midwater trawl. Both fleets have the same fishing ground, fishing seasons and catch, but different in specifications of the gears. This study aims to assess the trawl fishery interactions and potential conflicts in the utilization of fish resources in Arafura Sea. The method used was qualitative analysis (wheel conflict and conflict tree) descriptive statistics using data from Ambon Archipelagic Fishing Port in 2007-2010. The results showed that interaction between both trawl fisheries have opportunity to become conflict, because dynamic factors difficult to be compromise in are current management policy. Furthermore, opportunity level of solution from previous studies: (1) utilization of the catch side, (2) selective and strict licensing, (3) management based groups (clusters), (4) installation TED with an optimal design; and (5) moratorium of fishing licensing respectively

INTER-SPECIFIC COMPETITION AND FISHING EFFECT TO POPULATION DYNAMIC OF BALI SARDINE (SARDINELLA LEMURU)

Stock-recruitment relationship of Bali sardine was investigated based on Beverton-Holt model by assuming inter-specific competition. Model is modified to incorporate the effect of fishing pressure that is density-independent to population dynamic by developing scenario fishing on adult and/or juvenile population. The results show that harvested adult the dramatic decline of recruitment supply. However, harvested juvenile is led to the positive response to population size, as an increase in fishing mortality rate will reduce competition mortality rate. Precautionary approach required by considering bipartite life cycle.

PRODUKTIFITAS PRIMER DAN KELIMPAHAN IKAN LAYANG (Decapterus spp.) HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN FENOMENA ENSO, DI SELAT MAKASSAR BAGIAN SELATAN

Two species of scad fish (Decapterus russelli and D. macrosoma) is a major catch of purse seine in almost fishing area, its contributed approximately 58%. Production data of scad fish is based on catch data of purse seine which having fishing base in Java (2006-2007). Chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface temperature and Photosyntetic Available Radiation (PAR) was derived from satellite imagery AQUA MODIS. That data is used to estimate primary productivity with Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM). The effect of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) to scad fish fisheries also discussed. This research is aimed to get information about the effects of ENSO to primary productivity and abundance of scads in the southern part of Makassar Strait. Results showed scad fish abundance in the waters of the southern Makassar Strait fluctuates according to season, the peak abundance lasted for three months between November to January. Utilization of scad fish as 3th tropic level component showed percentage of utilization is 8,93% in 2006 and 14,59% in 2007. AQUA MODIS image data showed the highest chlorophyll concentrations occurred between February to April each year. While the highest sea surface temperature occurs in November-January period. There are indication that ENSO have indirect effect to chlorophyll-a consentrations and sea surface temperature. Both of them having relations with scad fish abundance in Makassar Strait

The Effectiveness of the Jones/Davis Type By-Catch Reduction Device (BRD) to Reduce Unintended Catch of Trawl Fisheries

Reduction by-catch of commercial fishing are become major concern, especially prawn trawl fisheries. By-catch reduction device developed to address that issue. However, there were trade-off problems regarding the implementation the BRD in trawl fisheries that is the effectiveness of the BRD. The performance of BRD was questionable on the effectiveness in term of reduction the by-catch and maintenance amount of target catch. This essay examines the performance of Jones-Davis type BRD to reduce by-catch and its impact to prawn catch in Cleveland Bay. An experimental fishing has been conducted (control-net and BRD-net; Pair-trawl method) to assess the effectiveness of by-catch reduction which examined with Wilcoxon Rank Test. The result shows that trawl equipped by BRD significantly reduce by-catch by 22.2% (Z = -4.6406, p-value = 0.0001) and retained prawn catch which was no significant difference inprawn catch between BRD and control nets (Z = -1.9218, p-value = 0.0546). Therefore, that evidence could be argued to convince about the BRD benefits to commercial prawn trawl fisheries

BREAKING STRENGTH JARING POLYAMIDE MULTIFILAMEN 210D/6 PADA PENYIMPANAN DI RUANG TERBUKA DAN TERTUTUP: ASPEK TEKNIS PERIKANAN PAYANG DI TELUK PELABUHAN RATU

Armada payang merupakan salah satu armada penangkapan yang paling berkembang dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan di Teluk Pelabuhan Ratu. Alat tangkap payang menggunakan sekitar 95% jaring berjenis polyamide dalam pembuatannya. Walaupun polyamide merupakan serat sintetis, polyamide memiliki kelemahan yaitu sangat sensitif terhadap sinar ultra violet. Selain meningkatkan ketahanan dan lama pemakaian nelayan Pelabuhan Ratu menggunakan pengawet reey. Reey merupakan ekstrak dari kulit pohon salam. Perkembangan terakhir diketahui nelayan mulai sulit memperoleh reey, terkait dengan keterbatasan dalam memperoleh bahan baku. Atas dasar itu penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkuantifikasi pengaruh penjemuran serta pengaruh perendam (solar, oli, dan aspal) yang diduga berfungsi sebagai pengawet terhadap kekuatan putus jaring polyamide multifilamen 210 D/6. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk skala laboratorium selama enam bulan (bulan Mei sampai Nopember 2008). Setiap selang waktu satu bulan kekuatan putus jaring diuji dengan menggunakan breaking tester shimadzu autograph AGS-D series. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pengaruh perbedaan penyimpanan, perendaman, dan lama penyimpanan berbeda secara nyata terhadap kekuatan putus jaring polyamide (P<0,05). Kekuatan putus jaring yang disimpan di ruang terbuka lebih rendah dibanding jaring yang disimpan di ruang tertutup. Perendaman pada cairan aspal mampu memperlambat laju penurunan kekuatan putus pada penyimpanan di ruang terbuka. Seiring bertambahnya waktu penyimpanan maka kekuatan putus jaring polyamide akan mengalami penurunan. Fishing gear that dominant in Pelabuhan Ratu bay is payang (sein net). Basic material to make payang is netting (95%), netting type that ussualy used is polyamide. Although polyamide is a synthetic fiber, polyamide is very sensitive to ultra violet. In addition to improving the durability and duration, fishermen in Pelabuhan Ratu usually used preservative called reey. Reey is an extract from the bark of Indonesian laurel (syzygium polyanthum). But now fishermen difficult in getting reey, its related to limitations in obtaining raw materials to make reey. This research was conducted to quantify the effect of drying and the influence of soaking (diesel, oil, and asphalt) which suspected to function as a preservative to the breaking strength of polyamide multifilament 210 D/6 netting. This research was conducted for the laboratory scale. Each sample was stored for 6 months (May until November 2008). Breaking strength of netting was tested once per month with breaking tester shimadzu autograph AGS-D series. The experiment was showed that the effect of differences storage, immersed liquid, and storage time significant to breaking strength of polyamide netting (P<0.05). Breaking strength of netting stored at outdoor was lower than netting that was storage at indoor. Soaking with aspalt liquid able to slow the degradation rate of breaking strength at outdoor storage. If storage time is increasing, breaking strength of polyamide netting will decrease

BREAKING STRENGTH BENANG PA MULTIFILAMEN 210D/6 PADA PENYIMPANAN DI RUANG TERBUKA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkuantifikasikan pengaruh lama penyimpanan dan pengaruh perendaman dengan cairan berupa solar, oli, dan ter terhadap penurunan nilai kekuatan putus benang polyamide 210 D/6. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kekuatan putus benang jaring semakin menurun setelah mengalami penyimpanan di ruang terbuka selama satu bulan (bulan ke satu) menjadi 5,8657 kgf dari 7,2903 kgf pada awal penyimpanan (bulan ke nol). Penurunan tersebut terus berlanjut sampai bulan keenam. Hasil analisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf uji 5% (α=5%) menunjukan bahwa lama penyimpanan secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap nilai kekuatan putus (breaking strength) benang polyamide pada ruang terbuka (P<0,05). Kekuatan putus benang Polyamide yang direndam pada cairan perendam berupa oli, solar, dan ter secara keseluruhan mengalami penurunan. Penurunan kekuatan putus terbesar dialami oleh benang yang direndam dengan solar dengan derajat penurunan kekuatan putus mencapai 30%. Hasil analisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf uji 5% (α=5%) menunjukan bahwa cairan perendam secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan putus (breaking strength) benang polyamide (P<0,05). Hasil uji lanjutan BNT menunjukan bahwa nilai kekuatan putus benang polyamide yang diberi pelakuan cairan perendam solar, oli, dan ter berbeda nyata terhadap benang kontrol (P<0,05). The objective of this experiment was to quantify the effect of storage duration and immersed liquid such as diesel fuel, lubricant and tar on the breaking strength of polyamide of 210 D/6. Results of experiment revealed that breaking strength of twine decrease after first month out door storage to be 5,8657 kgf from 7,2903 kgf in begining of storage. Decreasing of twine continued until sixth month of storage. Analyses of variances of 5% significance level indicated that length duration of storage for polyamide twine significantly different to the breaking strength. Breaking strength of polyamide twine which immersed in the lubricant, fuel diesel, and tar generally decreased. The biggest reduction of breaking strength occurred for twine immersed in the fuel diesel with reduction level until 30 %. Analyses of variances of 5% significance level indicated that immersed liquid significantly affected breaking strength of polyamide twine. Post Hoc test of LSD also indicated that breaking strength of polyamide twine significantly different (P<0,05) between lubricant, fuel diesel, and tar toward control twin

PENGARUH EPISODE LA NINA DAN EL NINO TERHADAP PRODUKSI BEBERAPA PELAGIS KECIL YANG DIDARATKAN DI PANTAI UTARA JAWA

Sumberdaya ikan pelagis di Laut Jawa telah dimanfaatkan secara intensif sejak dekade tahun 1980-an danmerupakan kegiatan perikanan utama di Indonesia. Beberapa famili ikan pelagis dominan yang tertangkap diantaranya dari famili Clupeidae, Carangidae dan Scombridae. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh periode La Nina dan El Nino terhadap produksi beberapa jenis ikan yang dominan tertangkap di Pantai Utara Jawa. Penelitian dilakukan selama bulan April sampai dengan September 2010 dengan mengumpulkan data pendaratan ikan melalui enumerator di beberapa lokasi pendaratan ikan yakni PPN Pekalongan; PPI Bajomulyo II dan Bajomulyo I – Juwana; serta PPIRembang. Data SouthernOscilation Indiex (SOI) diperoleh dari situs resmi BadanMetereologi pemerintah Australia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa puncak produksi ikan layang, banyar dan tongkol yang didaratkan di Pantai Utara Jawa relatif lebih panjang pada periode La Nina dibandingkan pada periode El Nino. Rata-rata produksi ikan selar berbeda nyata (P<0,05) antara periode El Nino dan Periode La Nina sedangkan jenis layang, banyar dan tongkol tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05). Pelagic fish resources in the Northern Coast of Java has been exploited since early 1980’s as themost intensive fishery in Indonesia. Several families of pelagic fish that commonly exploited in Java Sea are Clupeidae, Carangidae, and Scombridae. The study was conducted from March to September 2010 by compiling fish landing data from field enumerators in the several fish landing locations such as PPN Pekalongan, PPI bajomulyo I and Bajomulyo II at Juwana, and PPI Rembang. The Current work aims to determine the production of small pelagic fishery affected by El Nino or La Nina evidence. Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) parameter was used as an indicator of climate change parameter. The results show that the peak of season production of russel’s scad (Decapterus russelli), indianmackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), and frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) weremore longer during the periode of La Nina than those of the periode of El Nino. Average production values of yellowstrip trevally (Selaroides leptolepis) were significantly different during La Nina periodes compared to El Nino periodes (P<0,05) while russel’s scad, indian mackerel, and frigate mackerel did not show significantly different

INDIKATOR KELIMPAHAN SUMBERDAYA IKAN SIRO (AMBLYGASTER SIRM) DI LAUT JAWA

Pemanfaatan ikan siro (Amblygaster sirm) di Laut Jawa menunjukkan gejala overfishing. Beberapa aksi pengelolaan telah dilakukan untuk mengatasinya dan efektifitasnya dipertanyakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaharui status populasi ikan siro di Laut Jawa dengan menggunakan beberapa indikator, yakni kelimpahan dan biologi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara (PPN) Pekalongan selama 6 bulan (Oktober 2013 - Maret 2014). TropFishR package digunakan untuk menganalisis beberapa parameter pada 830 individu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ukuran panjang berkisar antara 14,1-24.5 cmFL. Parameter pertumbuhan ikan siro (Linf, K dan t0) masing-masing sebesar 21.9 cmFL, 1,7/tahun dan 0,45. Perbandingan antara jumlah kelamin jantan dan  betina dalam kondisi seimbang. Pola pertumbuhan ikan siro bersifat alometrik negatif (2,259), dimana pertumbuhan panjang lebih cepat dari pertumbuhan beratnya. Ukuran panjang pertama kali matang gonad (Lm) dan ukuran panjang pertama kali tertangkap (Lc) masing-masing sebesar 16,8 cmFL dan 15,4 cmFL. Indikator kelimpahan menunjukkan kecenderungan penurunan. Selain itu, Lc lebih kecil dari Lm yang mengindikasikan terjadinya growth overfishing

INITIATION ON ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT (EAFM): CASE STUDY ON TARAKAN FISHERIES

An EAFM from a global perspective is still moving towards on implementation. EAFM is based on conventional fisheries management but broadens the perspective beyond seeing a fishery as simply “fish in the sea, people in boats,” beyond consideration only of commercially important species, and beyond management efforts directed solely at the harvesting process. This research aims to initiate implementing EAFM in Indonesia: case in Tarakan Fisheries, North Kalimantan Province. From the initiate implementation of EAFM, we found that the possibility to improve the performance on arrange fisheries management based on ecosystem approach. EAFM could be used as tools to confirm scientific findings and gathering initial information on fisheries. In the case, fisheries community in Tarakan was put human well-being as important point to determine fisheries management, rather than ecological well-being. To secure the fisheries the possible options would arrange accepted and adaptable policy on controlling fisheries i.e. temporary fishing closure in term of area and season