Use of Dupont Five Point Analysis to study CNX Pharma Index

Pharmaceuticals seсtor is one of the key seсtors where Indian сompanies have сreated a global brand for themselves besides software. Indian сompanies have taken advantage of the opportunities in the regulated generiсs market in the western сountries and made deep inroads espeсially in providing low сost equivalents of expensive drugs. Pharma outsourcing into India and low сost Healthсare serviсes are expeсted to be the key areas of growth in the near future.This paper looks at the performance of the CNF Pharma Index, which represents about 4.54% of the free float market сapitalization of the stoсks listed on NSE and 76.97% of that of Pharmaсeutiсal seсtor in India. Considering period of 2005-2014, pre and post-recession performance of the Index have been analysed using Ratio and Du-Pont five point analysis. To get a fair idea about the financial aspects, ROE and it’s the factors affecting it have been studied. Regression tools were used to develop a model for сalсulatinɡ the ROE of the indexThrough the study we concluded that the ɡrowth of the industry has been steady over the past deсade. The only hiссup it enсountered was durinɡ the reсession, it was a very short period but pharmaceuticals ɡot over it in a year. Keywords: Pharmaceutical, Du Pont Five Point Analysis, Regression tools, Pre and Post recessio

Pharmacokinetics and Anti-Diabetic Studies of Gliclazide Nanosuspension

Gliclazide (GCZ), an antidiabetic medication, has poor solubility and limited oral bioavailability due to substantial first-pass metabolism. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to optimize and formulate a GCZ nanosuspension (NS) employing the antisolvent precipitation technique. A three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to examine the impact of the primary formulation factors (drug concentration, stabilizer, and surfactant %) on particle size. The optimized NS contains 29.6 mg/mL drug, 0.739% lecithin, and 0.216% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Under scanning microscopy, the topography of NS revealed spherical particles. Furthermore, NS had a much better saturation solubility than the pure material, which resulted in a rapid dissolving rate, which was attributed to the amorphous structure and smaller particle size of the NS particles. Studies on intestinal permeability using the in vitro noneverted intestinal sac gut method (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and single-pass intestinal permeability (SPIP) techniques showed that the effective permeability was also increased by more than 3 fold. In the pharmacokinetic study, the Cmax and AUC0–t values of NS were approximately 3.35- and 1.9-fold higher than those of the raw medication and marketed formulation (MF). When compared to plain drug and commercial formulations, the antidiabetic efficacy of NS demonstrated that it had a significant impact on lowering glucose levels

Pharmacokinetics and Anti-Diabetic Studies of Gliclazide Nanosuspension

Gliclazide (GCZ), an antidiabetic medication, has poor solubility and limited oral bioavailability due to substantial first-pass metabolism. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to optimize and formulate a GCZ nanosuspension (NS) employing the antisolvent precipitation technique. A three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design (BBD) was used to examine the impact of the primary formulation factors (drug concentration, stabilizer, and surfactant %) on particle size. The optimized NS contains 29.6 mg/mL drug, 0.739% lecithin, and 0.216% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Under scanning microscopy, the topography of NS revealed spherical particles. Furthermore, NS had a much better saturation solubility than the pure material, which resulted in a rapid dissolving rate, which was attributed to the amorphous structure and smaller particle size of the NS particles. Studies on intestinal permeability using the in vitro noneverted intestinal sac gut method (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and single-pass intestinal permeability (SPIP) techniques showed that the effective permeability was also increased by more than 3 fold. In the pharmacokinetic study, the Cmax and AUC0–t values of NS were approximately 3.35- and 1.9-fold higher than those of the raw medication and marketed formulation (MF). When compared to plain drug and commercial formulations, the antidiabetic efficacy of NS demonstrated that it had a significant impact on lowering glucose levels

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

Dickopff 1 inhibits cancer stem cell properties and promotes neuronal differentiation of human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y

Neuroblastomas are pediatric tumors arising from undifferentiated cells of neural crest origin with stem cell-like characteristics. Dysregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been shown to be linked to the development of various tumors. Activated Wnt signaling results in β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus to support pro-neoplastic traits. DKK1, a secreted glycoprotein, is an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, and the addition of DKKI to the culture medium has been used to suppress the Wnt pathway. This study aimed to analyze the role of Dickopff-1 as a potential differentiating agent for the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y and neurospheres derived from it. The treatment of SH-5Y5Y derived neurospheres by DKK1 resulted in their disintegration and reduced proliferation markers like Ki67, PCNA. DKK1 treatment to the neurospheres also resulted in the loss of cancer stem cell markers like CD133, KIT and pluripotency markers like SOX2, OCT4, NANOG. DKK1 treatment caused reduction in mRNA expression of β-catenin and TCF genes like TCF4, TCF12. When the SH-SY5Y cancer cells were grown under differentiating conditions, DKKI caused neuronal differentiation by itself, and in synergy with retinoic acid. This was verified by the expression of markers like MAPT, DCX, GAP43, ENO2 and also with changes in neurite length. We concluded that Wnt inhibition, as exemplified by DKK1 treatment, is therefore a possible differentiating condition and also suppresses the proliferative and cancer stemness related properties of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

Stability in Phenology, Yield and Yield Attributes of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes under Various Temperature Conditions

An experiment was conducted with a set twenty-five genotypes of desi and Kabuli chickpeas to estimate stability parameters in Randomized Block Design with two replications under four environments (1st November 2018 (normal), 21st November 2018 (optimum), 15th December 2018 (late) and 15th January 2019 (extremely late) conditions during Rabi-2018-19. The analysis of variance showed a significant connection among genotypes, environment (linear), and genotype environment (linear) in all the traits in investigation. The JG-11, JAKI-9218, RVG-201 and RVSSG-54 these genotypes suitable for high seed yield with late and very-late sown conditions

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Ruby Queen

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Ruby Queen. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design using ten treatments and three replications at the college farm of the Department of Horticulture, Tilak Dhari PG College, Jaunpur, (U.P.) during the rabi season of 2021-22. Integration of nutrient sources was comprised in the form of treatments viz. T1 - 100% NPK of RDF (70:110:70 Kg/ha), T2 -75% NPK of RDF + FYM (10 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ ha), T3 - 75% NPK of RDF + VC (3 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T4 - 75% NPK of RDF + FYM (5 t/ha) + VC (1.5 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T5 - 50% NPK of RDF + FYM (10 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T6 - 50% NPK of RDF + VC (3 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T7 - 50% NPK of RDF + FYM (5 t/ha) +VC (1.5 t/ha) + Azotobacter (10 Kg/ha) + PSB (10 Kg/ha), T8 - 75% NPK of RDF + FYM (10 t/ha), T9 - 50% NPK of RDF + VC (3 t/ha) and T10 - Control. Among all treatments, T4 (75% NPK of RDF + FYM + VC + Azotobacter + PSB) performed best for growth and yield parameters recorded significantly minimum number of days required for 80 percent germination of seedlings (2.68 days), highest plant height (50.24 cm), most leaves per plant (13.53), maximum leaf area (3227.50 cm2), higher chlorophyll content index (21.76), maximum root length (16.23 cm), root diameter (7.73 cm), root yield per plant (220.14 g), root yield per plot (4.40 Kg), root yield per hectare (22.014 t), and highest harvest index (0.91) was observed

Effect of Baghdadite Substitution on the Physicochemical Properties of Brushite Cements

Brushite cements have been clinically used for irregular bone defect filling applications, and various strategies have been previously reported to modify and improve their physicochemical properties such as strength and injectability. However, strategies to address other limitations of brushite cements such as low radiopacity or acidity without negatively impacting mechanical strength have not yet been reported. In this study, we report the effect of substituting the beta-tricalcium phosphate reactant in brushite cement with baghdadite (Ca3ZrSi2O9), a bioactive zirconium-doped calcium silicate ceramic, at various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 wt%) on the properties of the final brushite cement product. X-ray diffraction profiles indicate the dissolution of baghdadite during the cement reaction, without affecting the crystal structure of the precipitated brushite. EDX analysis shows that calcium is homogeneously distributed within the cement matrix, while zirconium and silicon form cluster-like aggregates with sizes ranging from few microns to more than 50 µm. X-ray images and µ-CT analysis indicate enhanced radiopacity with increased incorporation of baghdadite into brushite cement, with nearly a doubling of the aluminium equivalent thickness at 50 wt% baghdadite substitution. At the same time, compressive strength of brushite cement increased from 12.9 ± 3.1 MPa to 21.1 ± 4.1 MPa with 10 wt% baghdadite substitution. Culture medium conditioned with powdered brushite cement approached closer to physiological pH values when the cement is incorporated with increasing amounts of baghdadite (pH = 6.47 for pure brushite, pH = 7.02 for brushite with 20 wt% baghdadite substitution). Baghdadite substitution also influenced the ionic content in the culture medium, and subsequently affected the proliferative activity of primary human osteoblasts in vitro. This study indicates that baghdadite is a beneficial additive to enhance the radiopacity, mechanical performance and cytocompatibility of brushite cements