Anatomy of distal area in the lesser toes of the foot

In this revision, the authors try to illustrate the referring to the descriptive anatomy of the distal area of the lesser toes of the foot. It contains, a description detailed from the embryonic development of these sections, the osteology of the phalanges, joints and basic mechanics of them, tendons, blood vessels, lymphatic, and nervous system. All these anatomical parts are described with illustrations and extracted pictures of preserved and fresh foot specimens.In this revision, the authors try to illustrate the referring to the descriptive anatomy of the distal area of the lesser toes of the foot. It contains, a description detailed from the embryonic development of these sections, the osteology of the phalanges, joints and basic mechanics of them, tendons, blood vessels, lymphatic, and nervous system. All these anatomical parts are described with illustrations and extracted pictures of preserved and fresh foot specimens

Influence of bone definition and finite element parameters in bone and dental implants stress: A literature review

This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Bioengineering in Osseointegration and Dental Implants.Bone plays an important role in dental implant treatment success. The goal of this literature review is to analyze the influence of bone definition and finite element parameters on stress in dental implants and bone in numerical studies. A search was conducted of Pubmed, Science Direct and LILACS, and two independent reviewers performed the data extraction. The quality of the selected studies was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook tool for clinical trials. Seventeen studies were included. Titanium was the most commonly-used material in dental implants. The magnitude of the applied loads varied from 15 to 300 N with a mean of 182 N. Complete osseointegration was the most common boundary condition. Evidence from this review suggests that bone is commonly defined as an isotropic material, despite being an anisotropic tissue, and that it is analyzed as a ductile material, instead of as a fragile material. In addition, and in view of the data analyzed in this review, it can be concluded that there is no standardization for conducting finite element studies in the field of dentistry. Convergence criteria are only detailed in two of the studies included in this review, although they are a key factor in obtaining accurate results in numerical studies. It is therefore necessary to implement a methodology that indicates which parameters a numerical simulation must include, as well as how the results should be analyzed

A Finite Element Analysis of the Fatigue Behavior and Risk of Failure of Immediate Provisional Implants

This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium in Medical and Dental ApplicationsBackground: Temporary dental implants are used to support provisional prostheses. The goal of this study was to obtain the stress&-number (S&-N) curves of cycles of five temporary dental implants employing finite element methods. Additionally, a probabilistic analysis was carried out to obtain the failure probability of each dental implant. Methods: To obtain these curves, first the maximum value of the fracture load was obtained by simulation of a compression test. Subsequently, the fatigue life was simulated by varying each of the loads from the maximum value to a minimum value (10% of the maximum value), and the minimum number of cycles that it should support was calculated. Results: The fatigue limit of titanium in these implants was around 200 MPa with the maximum number of cycles between 64,976 and 256,830. The maximum compression load was between 100 and 80 N. Regarding the probability of failure, all implants were expected to behave similarly. Conclusions: This study of finite elements provided the values of maximum load supported by each of the implants, and the relationship between the stress in the implant and the number of cycles that it could support with a probability of failure. An international standard on how to perform fatigue studies in temporary dental implants was deemed necessary

Consideraciones en el estudio anatómico sobre el músculo peroneo tercero, peroneo anterior, tercer peroneo, peroneo tertius, fibularis tertius

The anatomy of the foot, their knowledge, opens up a wide range of expectations so accurate for diagnosing various pathologies of the foot, and above all, to know you better. The purpose of this study was to look closely at the anatomy of the muscle Tertius peroneo to define its origin and insercción to the controversy raised by the literature, its function in the foot, and its frequency, it is a muscle that is not present in all feet. The third peroneo muscle, also known as peroneo Tertius, is a muscle group of the previous leg, which in the current literature is considered inconsistent, that character was not found in our study. We repeat that the authors describe as an inconstant muscle (eg. Rouvière) adjective meaning in anatomy that it is a muscle in less than 45% of cases. For Testud, in the absence black 14 times in 100, the Europeans 7 or 8 times 100, and lacking in monkeys. According to Kapandji is dorsal flexor, abductor and pronator foot. We intend to demonstrate our dissections, a muscle that is most of what appears and where is its origin and insertion, as well as its presentation and position by photographs of cadaver feet.La anatomía del pie, su conocimiento, nos abre un amplio abanico de expectativas para diagnosticar de manera certera diversas patologías del pie, y sobre todo, para conocerlo mejor. El objeto de éste estudio fue observar detenidamente la anatomía del músculo peroneo tertius, definir su origen e insercción ante la controversia que suscita la bibliografía consultada, su función en el pie, y su frecuencia de aparición, pues es un músculo que no está presente en todos los pies. El músculo tercer peroneo, conocido también como peroneo tertius, es un músculo del grupo anterior de la pierna, que en la literatura actual es considerado inconstante, carácter que no fue comprobado en nuestro estudio. Repetimos que diferentes autores lo califican como un músculo inconstante (por ej. Rouviére), significando éste adjetivo en anatomía que es un músculo presente en menos del 45% de los casos. Para Testud, en la raza negra falta 14 veces en 100, en los europeos 7 u 8 veces cada 100, y falta en los monos. Según Kapandji es flexor dorsal, abductor y pronador del pie. Pretendemos demostrar con nuestras disecciones, que es un músculo más habitual de lo que parece y dónde está su origen e inserción, así como su función,presentación y posición mediante fotografías en pies de cadáver

Sistemas de Acceso Inteligente a la Información Biomédica: una revisión

Modern medical environment is characterized by the work overload and the lack of time. In such an environment, intelligent information access systems can undoubtedly assist the work of physicians and researchers. Nonetheless, despite their benefits, clinical information systems barely include these technologies. Several are the reasons. First, the potential of these strategies will only be achieved once health care professionals become familiar with them. Second, it is necessary to progress in the development of patient information standards, as well as in the use of an unified and controlled terminology. Even if important advances have been reached during the last decade, there is still much work to do.En un entorno como el de la medicina, caracterizado por la sobrecarga de trabajo y la escasez de tiempo, los sistemas inteligentes de acceso a la información pueden y deben utilizarse para facilitar la labor de investigadores y profesionales. Sin embargo, sorprende comprobar la escasa implantación de estos sistemas. Las razones son varias. En primer lugar, el potencial completo de estas estrategias sólo se alcanzará cuando la informática esté completamente integrada en la práctica médica. En segundo lugar, todavía es necesario avanzar en la estandarización de la estructura y el contenido de la información de los pacientes, así como en el uso de una terminología unificada y controlada. Aunque, especialmente durante la última década, los avances en ambos sentidos han sido considerables, lo cierto es que todavía queda mucho camino por recorrer

Bone Substitutes

In daily clinical practise we frequently encounter situations in which the bone volume is insufficient for an ideal dental implant placement. Bone regeneration can provide the structural support necessary in these cases. Procedures such as sinus lifting and alveolar ridge augmentation have reached high levels of predictability and already are of major importance in implant practise. Interest for bone substitutes for alveolar ridge augmentation or preservation appears in the early 1980 ¿s alongside the development of endoosseous dental implants. Although first studies regarding bone substitutes dates from 1920 by Albee (Albee, 1920), until 1980 ¿s there are very few studies in reference this issue. From 1980 ¿s until nowadays an exponential number of studies about bone substitutes have been made. The reason for this increasing interest in bone substitutes stems from the fact that about 10- 20% of the patients that need treatments with dental implants, require bone regeneration procedures before implant placement. Moreover, more than 60% of the population in industrialized countries need dental prosthetic replacements (Peterson, 2006), ideally with implants. This is the reason why the market of dental implants is experiencing an increase of approximately 15% every year. Bone regeneration procedures are becoming an almost daily practice in dentistry all around the world as a result of the wide acceptance of dental implants as the ¿ideal ¿ option for oral rehabilitation. Bone regeneration procedures are critical for the success of dental implant treatments in cases where there is a deficiency in bone width and/or height. The cornerstone in these treatments is the use of bone substitutes to create a bone mantle that covers the screw to enhance implant stability and treatment outcome. In this chapter, we will discuss the different types of bone substitutes and recent developments achieved to enhance the outcomes of bone regeneration procedures with the newest available biomaterials. The term ¿bone graft ¿ was defined by Muschler (Bauer, 2000) as: ¿any implanted material that alone or in combination with other materials promotes a bone healing response by providing oteogenic, osteoinductive or osteoconductive properties ¿. An osteogenic material can be defined as one that has inherent capacity to form bone, which implies to contain living cells that are capable of differentiation into bone cells. An osteoinductive material 92 Implant Dentistry ¿ The Most Promising Discipline of Dentistry provides biologic signals capable to induce local cells to enter a pathway of differentiation leading to mature osteoblasts. An osteoconductive biomaterial provides a three-dimensional interconnected scaffold where local bone tissue may regenerate new living bone. However, osteoconductive biomaterials are unable to form bone or to induce its formation. Another property that is interesting to find especially in bone substitutes is biodegradability. This is defined as the capacity of degradation of a particle by two mechanisms principally; through a passive chemical degradation or dissolution, and through active cellular activity mediated by osteoclast and/or macrophages. Moreover, the biological properties of bone substitute biomaterials are also influenced by their porosity, surface geometry and surface chemistry. The events leading to bone healing and regeneration are influenced by all the variables mentioned above. These properties are related to the biomaterial itself, however, host factors such as bone quality, vascularity of the graft bed and tobacco addiction may also influence the final outcome of a bone regeneration procedure with a bone substitute.Estomatologí

Long-term fatigue and its probability of failure applied to dental implants

It is well known that dental implants have a high success rate but even so, there are a lot of factors that can cause dental implants failure. Fatigue is very sensitive to many variables involved in this phenomenon. This paper takes a close look at fatigue analysis and explains a new method to study fatigue from a probabilistic point of view, based on a cumulative damage model and probabilistic finite elements, with the goal of obtaining the expected life and the probability of failure. Two different dental implants were analysed. The model simulated a load of 178¿N applied with an angle of 0°, 15°, and 20° and a force of 489¿N with the same angles. Von Mises stress distribution was evaluated and once the methodology proposed here was used, the statistic of the fatigue life and the probability cumulative function were obtained. This function allows us to relate each cycle life with its probability of failure. Cylindrical implant has a worst behaviour under the same loading force compared to the conical implant analysed here. Methodology employed in the present study provides very accuracy results because all possible uncertainties have been taken in mind from the beginning

Long-Term Fatigue and Its Probability of Failure Applied to Dental Implants

It is well known that dental implants have a high success rate but even so, there are a lot of factors that can cause dental implants failure. Fatigue is very sensitive to many variables involved in this phenomenon. This paper takes a close look at fatigue analysis and explains a new method to study fatigue from a probabilistic point of view, based on a cumulative damage model and probabilistic finite elements, with the goal of obtaining the expected life and the probability of failure. Two different dental implants were analysed. The model simulated a load of 178 N applied with an angle of 0°, 15°, and 20° and a force of 489 N with the same angles. Von Mises stress distribution was evaluated and once the methodology proposed here was used, the statistic of the fatigue life and the probability cumulative function were obtained. This function allows us to relate each cycle life with its probability of failure. Cylindrical implant has a worst behaviour under the same loading force compared to the conical implant analysed here. Methodology employed in the present study provides very accuracy results because all possible uncertainties have been taken in mind from the beginning

Fetal development of the modern human chin: The 3D shape variation is bounded to spatial arrangement of the hyoid bone, the tongue and suprahyoid muscles

Resumen del póster presentado en: 3rd Annual Meeting of the European Society for the study of Human Evolution, 19-21 September 2013, Vienna/AustriaPeer reviewe

Extensor Hallucis Capsularis o Tendón Accesorio del Extensor Hallucis Longus: Estudio anatómico y funcional, frecuencia y mediciones

The purpose of this study was to look closely at the anatomy of the extensor hallucis longus, ligament or tendon capsularis Accessory Extensor hallucis longus muscle; defi ne its occurrence frequency, it is a muscle that is not present in all feet and raises controversy in the reviewed literature. The ligament is a ligament capsularis dorsalis pedis group that accompanies the extensor hallucis longus muscle medial to it forever. We intend to demonstrate by our dissections, a ligament more common than it seems and where is its origin and insertion as well as their function, presentation and location by using photographs of cadaver feet and its width measures and characteristics. To achieve our object of study in this article, fi rst 50 dissected human cadaver fi ngers, making the relevant measurements.El objeto de éste estudio fue observar detenidamente la anatomía del Extensor Hallucis Longus, Ligamento Capsularis o Tendón Accesorio del músculo Extensor Hallucis Longus; definir su su frecuencia de aparición, pues es un músculo que no está presente en todos los pies y suscita controversia en la bibliografía consultada.El Ligamento Capsularis es un ligamento del grupo dorsal del pie, que acompaña al músculo Extensor Hallucis Longus siempre medial a él.Pretendemos demostrar con nuestras disecciones, que es un ligamento más habitual de lo que parece y, dónde está su origen e inserción, así como su función, presentación y ubicación mediante fotografías en pies de cadáver, así como medidas sobre su anchura y características particulares.Para conseguir nuestro objeto de estudio en éste artículo, se diseccionan 50 primeros dedos de cadáver humano, realizando las pertinentes mediciones