69 research outputs found
Manufacture Techniques of Chitosan-Based Microcapsules to Enhance Functional Properties of Textiles
In recent years, the textile industry has been moving to novel concepts of products, which could deliver to the user, improved performances. Such smart textiles have been proven to have the potential to integrate within a commodity garment advanced feature and functional properties of different kinds. Among those functionalities, considerable interest has been played in functionalizing commodity garments in order to make them positively interact with the human body and therefore being beneficial to the user health. This kind of functionalization generally exploits biopolymers, a class of materials that possess peculiar properties such as biocompatibility and biodegradability that make them suitable for bio-functional textile production. In the context of biopolymer chitosan has been proved to be an excellent potential candidate for this kind of application given its abundant availability and its chemical properties that it positively interacts with biological tissue. Notwithstanding the high potential of chitosan-based technologies in the textile sectors, several issues limit the large-scale production of such innovative garments. In facts the morphologies of chitosan structures should be optimized in order to make them better exploit the biological activity; moreover a suitable process for the application of chitosan structures to the textile must be designed. The application process should indeed not only allow an effective and durable fixation of chitosan to textile but also comply with environmental rules concerning pollution emission and utilization of harmful substances. This chapter reviews the use of microencapsulation technique as an approach to effectively apply chitosan to the textile material while overcoming the significant limitations of finishing processes. The assembly of chitosan macromolecules into microcapsules was proved to boost the biological properties of the polymer thanks to a considerable increase in the surface area available for interactions with the living tissues. Moreover, the incorporation of different active substances into chitosan shells allows the design of multifunctional materials that effectively combine core and shell properties. Based on the kind of substances to be incorporated, several encapsulation processes have been developed. The literature evidences how the proper choices concerning encapsulation technology, chemical formulations, and process parameter allow tuning the properties and the performances of the obtained microcapsules. Furthermore, the microcapsules based finishing process have been reviewed evidencing how the microcapsules morphology can positively interact with textile substrate allowing an improvement in the durability of the treatment. The application of the chitosan shelled microcapsules was proved to be capable of imparting different functionalities to textile substrates opening possibilities for a new generation of garments with improved performances and with the potential of protecting the user from multiple harms. Lastly, a continuous interest was observed in improving the process and formulation design in order to avoid the usage of toxic substances, therefore, complying with an environmentally friendly approach
Production of grape juice powder obtained by freeze-drying after concentration by reverse osmosis
Effect of pulsed electric fields upon accumulation of magnesium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Inactivation of microorganisms using pulsed electric fields: the influence of process parameters on Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
DEVELOPMENT OF A PROTEIN FORTIFIED FRUIT BEVERAGE AND ITS QUALITY WHEN PROCESSED WITH PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENT
Preliminary Investigation using a Batch Flow Process to Determine Bacteria Destruction by Microwave Energy at Low Temperature
Membranes for Food Packaging
The development of new materials for food packaging is a challenge that involves
scientific and technological competences. Consumer needs and socioeconomic
problems are the most important driving forces of this process that has, as ultimate
goal, the delivery of high-quality and safe food products to the consumer in an
efficient manner [1].
All the materials used as food contact materials (FCM) must have specific and
distinctive characteristics. The preliminary requirement is the safety of material. This
means that the possible migration of undesirable packaging constituents into the
food has to be well known and controlled. The matters of inertness of FCM and
packaging reliability are in the domain of law in all the developed countries, where
nowadays exist very huge detailed and generally severe regulations on this topic.
Other complementary and essential performances concern all those physical and
chemical properties that give specific behavior to the material under conditions of
use. For example, physical properties such as gas permeation through package walls,
mechanical resistance to environmental stress, sealability, and so on, are very
important and useful both for controlling the package-fabrication process and to
design the food package able to maintain and guarantee the quality and safety of the
product during its shelf life. In fact, environmental factors such as humidity, oxygen,
light, and so on (which can induce degradation reactions during storage) should be
strictly controlled and in some cases modulated by the packaging material.
Synthetic polymers are the materials of choice for many food-packaging applications.
They have molecular weights typically between 50 000 and 200 000, an
optimum range suitable for shaping the polymers into bags, containers, or other
forms that give the adequate protection to food during distribution and storage. The
typical properties of common plastic packaging materials are reported in Table 10.1.
It is important to highlight that the required packaging protection depends on the
product characteristics but not always does the proper protection mean the complete
isolation of food from the environment-degradation factors. For example, some fatty
foods with long shelf life are sensitive to oxygen and light and, as a consequence, the ideal preservation requires the absence of oxygen inside the package, so a high barrier
material to reduce the oxygen entrance and, possibly, no light transmission through
the package have to be used. On the contrary, for minimally processed vegetables, the
natural interplay between the respiration of the product and the transfer of gases
through the packaging can lead to an appropriate atmosphere within packages that
contributes to maintaining the product freshness during commercialization. In this
specific case, the protection by the packaging is granted by films with proper gas
permeability that allow the right exchanges between the internal and external sides of
the package and not by high barrier materials. In recent years, besides the traditional
basic functions of packaging (i.e. protection, communication, convenience, and
containment) extra enhanced functions have been sought by the food-packaging
sector to meet the consumer demands for minimally processed foods with fewer
preservatives, increased regulatory requirements, market globalization, and concern
for food safety. Active packaging is the main area in which most of recent innovative
ideas have been applied to satisfy these needs, broadening and redefining the
function of food packaging. Active packaging has been defined as a system in
which the product, the package, and the environment interact in a positive way to
extend shelf life or to achieve some characteristics that cannot be obtained otherwise.
In other words, active packaging is a new generation of packaging materials that can
release active compounds (antimicrobial, antioxidants, enzymes, flavors, nutraceuticals, etc.) or absorb undesirable substances (oxygen, ethylene, moisture, etc.) at controlled rates suitable for enhancing the quality and safety of a wide range of foods during extended storage.
In this context, food packaging and membrane developers started collaborations in
order to evaluate how membrane science could be applied to food packaging area. In fact, the wide range of properties required to the packaging gives the idea to design
and synthesize the membranes as devices that should contribute to maintaining food
quality. An example is the fact that recently in the International Membrane Conferences held in Korea (ICOM06, Seoul), in USA (ICOM08, Honolulu) and France
(ICOM09, Montpellier) a specific session was devoted to food packaging. Moreover,
the USA market for nonseparating membranes used in drug delivery, guided tissue
regeneration, batteries, food packaging and high-performance textiles was calculated
to be $2.8 billion in 2005, more than half the value of the combined market for all the
membranes used in separation and nonseparating applications.
The definition of a membrane is not univocal and many attempts have been made
to describe it. The most general one may be the following, as reported by Paul and
Yampol skii: A membrane is a phase or a group of phase that lies between two
different phases, which is physically and/or chemically distinctive from both of them
and which, due to its properties and the force field applied is able to control the mass transport between these phases.
Membranes, both organic and inorganic, are generally classified based on their
morphology as porous, nonporous (dense/tight) and liquid membranes. Depending on the specific membrane properties (porosity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity,
pore size, etc.), they can be used as packaging materials in modulating the gas exchange rate between the inside and outside of the package environment (modified atmosphere packaging) or in actively controlling the release or absorption of specific compounds to or from the packaged food (active packaging). In this chapter, the use of membranes in food packaging will be analyzed under these two main perspectives, giving results of some examples and potential applications
Pulsed high electric field causes ‘all or nothing’ membrane damage in Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium, but membrane H+–ATPase is not a primary target
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