Diplomado de Profundización CISCO Prueba de Habilidades Prácticas CCNP

Con la realización del diplomado CCNP, se desarrolla un escenario de habilidades prácticas, el cual es elaborado como opción de grado para adquirir el título de Ingeniería de Telecomunicaciones y de Electrónica, donde es utilizado el simulador de red GNS3 con dispositivos CISCO. La configuración de protocolos aplicados a los sistemas de conmutación en capa 2 y con la configuración realizada a los dispositivos de enrutamiento de capa 3 del modelo OSI, se logra la configuración de una red, que le permite a la empresa tener mayor seguridad y optimización en el uso de los recursos tecnológicos.With the completion of the CCNP diploma, a scenario of practical skills is developed, which is developed as a degree option to acquire the title of Telecommunications and Electronics Engineering, where the GNS3 network simulator with CISCO devices is used. The configuration of protocols applied to the switching systems in layer 2 and with the configuration made to the routing devices of layer 3 of the OSI model, the configuration of a network is achieved, which allows the company to have greater security and optimization in the use of technological resources

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Taller de Proyecto I - SI644 - 202101

Descripción: El curso de especialidad de Taller de Proyecto I, de las carreras de Ciencias de la Computación (CC), Ingeniería de Software (ISW) e Ingeniería de Sistemas de Información (ISI), es de carácter teórico-práctico y está dirigido a los estudiantes del noveno ciclo. Es un curso obligatorio e importante dentro de la formación de los estudiantes pues permite definir el tema, objetivos, alcance y plan de ejecución de su proyecto profesional. El taller se desarrolla bajo la aplicación de trabajos por roles. Propósito: . El curso tiene como propósito que los estudiantes desempeñan una serie de roles para el análisis, diseño, implementación y producción de un sistema de información que permite ejemplificar muy cercano a la realidad, el trabajo profesional que desarrollarán los futuros egresados. Contribuye con el desarrollo de las competencias generales de comunicación oral, pensamiento crítico, razonamiento cuantitativo, pensamiento innovador a nivel de logro 3 y ciudadanía a nivel de logro 2. Así como las competencias específicas (1) Formula y resuelve problemas complejos; (2) Diseño y desarrollo de una solución; (3) Comunicacicón Efectiva; (4) Responsabilidad ética y profesional; (5) Trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios; (6) Aprendizaje contínuo y autónomo para la carrera de Ciencias de la Computación. Así como las competencias específicas (1) Formula y resuelve problemas complejos; (2) Diseño y desarrollo de una solución; (3) Comunicacicón Efectiva; (4) Responsabilidad ética y profesional; (5) Trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios; (6) Análisis y emisión de conclusiones; (7) Aprendizaje contínuo y autónomo para las carreras de Ingeniería de Sistemas de Información e Ingeniería de Software

Taller de Proyecto I - SI644 - 202102

Descripción: El curso de especialidad de Taller de Proyecto I, de las carreras de Ciencias de la Computación (CC), Ingeniería de Software (ISW) e Ingeniería de Sistemas de Información (ISI), es de carácter teórico-práctico y está dirigido a los estudiantes del noveno ciclo. Es un curso obligatorio e importante dentro de la formación de los estudiantes pues permite definir el tema, objetivos, alcance y plan de ejecución de su proyecto profesional. El taller se desarrolla bajo la aplicación de trabajos por roles. Propósito: . El curso tiene como propósito que los estudiantes desempeñan una serie de roles para el análisis, diseño, implementación y producción de un sistema de información que permite ejemplificar muy cercano a la realidad, el trabajo profesional que desarrollarán los futuros egresados. Contribuye con el desarrollo de las competencias generales de comunicación oral, pensamiento crítico, razonamiento cuantitativo, pensamiento innovador a nivel de logro 3 y ciudadanía a nivel de logro 2. Así como las competencias específicas (1) Formula y resuelve problemas complejos; (2) Diseño y desarrollo de una solución; (3) Comunicacicón Efectiva; (4) Responsabilidad ética y profesional; (5) Trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios; (6) Aprendizaje contínuo y autónomo para la carrera de Ciencias de la Computación. Así como las competencias específicas (1) Formula y resuelve problemas complejos; (2) Diseño y desarrollo de una solución; (3) Comunicacicón Efectiva; (4) Responsabilidad ética y profesional; (5) Trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios; (6) Análisis y emisión de conclusiones; (7) Aprendizaje contínuo y autónomo para las carreras de Ingeniería de Sistemas de Información e Ingeniería de Software

Taller de Proyecto II - SI646 - 202101

Descripción: El curso de especialidad de Taller de Proyecto II, de las carreras de Ciencias de la Computación (CC), Ingeniería de Software (ISW) e Ingeniería de Sistemas de Información (ISI), es de carácter teórico-práctico y está dirigido a los estudiantes del décimo ciclo. El curso busca desarrollar las competencias generales de comunicación oral y escrita, manejo de la información, ciudadanía y pensamiento innovador. Para CC, las competencias específicas que se desarrollan en el curso son: trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios, responsabilidad ética y profesional, comunicación efectiva, análisis del impacto de la solución de ingeniería, necesidad de aprendizaje de por vida, aplicación de fundamentos matemáticos, diseño y construcción de sistemas complejos. Propósito: Este curso es importante dentro de la formación de los estudiantes pues permite la aplicación directa de todos los conocimientos adquiridos en ciclos anteriores; es el segundo taller a través de los cuales los estudiantes conjuntamente con los profesores involucrados en los cursos realizan el desarrollo de un Proyecto Profesional final. El taller se desarrolla bajo la aplicación de trabajos por roles. Los estudiantes desempeñan una serie de roles para el análisis, diseño, implementación y producción de un sistema de información que permite ejemplificar muy cercano a la realidad, el trabajo profesional que desarrollarán los futuros egresados. Contribuye con el desarrollo de las competencias generales de comunicación oral, pensamiento crítico, razonamiento cuantitativo, pensamiento innovador a nivel de logro 3 y ciudadanía a nivel de logro 2. Así como las competencias específicas (3) Comunicacicón Efectiva; (4) Responsabilidad ética y profesional; (5) Trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios; (6) Aprendizaje contínuo y autónomo para la carrera de Ciencias de la Computación. Así como las competencias específicas (3) Comunicacicón Efectiva; (4) Responsabilidad ética y profesional; (5) Trabajo en equipos multidisciplinarios; (6) Análisis y emisión de conclusiones; (7) Aprendizaje contínuo y autónomo para las carreras de Ingeniería de Sistemas de Información e Ingeniería de Software

Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Results From the CREDENCE Trial and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease with reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate or elevated albuminuria increases risk for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. This study assessed the effects of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) on stroke and atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) from CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation) and a meta-analysis of large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) of SGLT2i in type 2 diabetes mellitus.METHODS: CREDENCE randomized 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease to canagliflozin or placebo. Post hoc, we estimated effects on fatal or nonfatal stroke, stroke subtypes, and intermediate markers of stroke risk including AF/AFL. Stroke and AF/AFL data from 3 other completed large CVOTs and CREDENCE were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.RESULTS: In CREDENCE, 142 participants experienced a stroke during follow-up (10.9/1000 patient-years with canagliflozin, 14.2/1000 patient-years with placebo; hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.55-1.08]). Effects by stroke subtypes were: ischemic (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.61-1.28]; n=111), hemorrhagic (HR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.19-1.32]; n=18), and undetermined (HR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.20-1.46]; n=17). There was no clear effect on AF/AFL (HR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.53-1.10]; n=115). The overall effects in the 4 CVOTs combined were: total stroke (HRpooled, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.82-1.12]), ischemic stroke (HRpooled, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.89-1.14]), hemorrhagic stroke (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.30-0.83]), undetermined stroke (HRpooled, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.49-1.51]), and AF/AFL (HRpooled, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.71-0.93]). There was evidence that SGLT2i effects on total stroke varied by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (P=0.01), with protection in the lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2]) subgroup (HRpooled, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31-0.79]).CONCLUSIONS: Although we found no clear effect of SGLT2i on total stroke in CREDENCE or across trials combined, there was some evidence of benefit in preventing hemorrhagic stroke and AF/AFL, as well as total stroke for those with lowest estimated glomerular filtration rate. Future research should focus on confirming these data and exploring potential mechanisms. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT02065791

Kidney and Cardiovascular Effects of Canagliflozin According to Age and Sex: A Post Hoc Analysis of the CREDENCE Randomized Clinical Trial

Rationale & Objective: It is unclear whether the effect of canagliflozin on adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in those with diabetic kid-ney disease varies by age and sex. We assessed the effects of canagliflozin among age group categories and between sexes in the Canagli-flozin and Renal Endpoints in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) study.Study Design: Secondary analysis of a random-ized controlled trial. Setting & Participants: Participants in the CREDENCE trial. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to receive canagliflozin 100 mg/d or placebo.Outcomes: Primary composite outcome of kid-ney failure, doubling of serum creatinine con-centration, or death due to kidney or cardiovascular disease. Prespecified secondary and safety outcomes were also analyzed. Out-comes were evaluated by age at baseline (<60, 60-69, and >_70 years) and sex in the intention-to-treat population using Cox regression models.Results: The mean age of the cohort was 63.0 & PLUSMN; 9.2 years, and 34% were female. Older age and female sex were independently associ-ated with a lower risk of the composite of adverse kidney outcomes. There was no evidence that the effect of canagliflozin on the primary outcome (acomposite of kidney failure, a doubling of serum creatinine concentration, or death from kidney or cardiovascular causes) differed between age groups (HRs, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.52-0.87], 0.63 [0.4 8-0.82], and 0.89 [0.61-1.29] for ages <60, 60-69, and >_70 years, respectively; P = 0.3 for interaction) or sexes (HRs, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.5 4-0.95] and 0.69 [0.56-0.8 4] in women and men, respectively; P = 0.8 for interaction). No differences in safety outcomes by age group or sex were observed.Limitations: This was a post hoc analysis with multiple comparisons.Conclusions: Canagliflozin consistently reduced the relative risk of kidney events in people with diabetic kidney disease in both sexes and across age subgroups. As a result of greater background risk, the absolute reduction in adverse kidney outcomes was greater in younger participants.Funding: This post hoc analysis of the CREDENCE trial was not funded. The CREDENCE study was sponsored by Janssen Research and Development and was conducted collaboratively by the sponsor, an academic-led steering committee, and an academic research organization, George Clinical.Trial Registration: The original CREDENCE trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with study number NCT02065791

SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study

Background Preoperative SARS-CoV-2 vaccination could support safer elective surgery. Vaccine numbers are limited so this study aimed to inform their prioritization by modelling. Methods The primary outcome was the number needed to vaccinate (NNV) to prevent one COVID-19-related death in 1 year. NNVs were based on postoperative SARS-CoV-2 rates and mortality in an international cohort study (surgical patients), and community SARS-CoV-2 incidence and case fatality data (general population). NNV estimates were stratified by age (18-49, 50-69, 70 or more years) and type of surgery. Best- and worst-case scenarios were used to describe uncertainty. Results NNVs were more favourable in surgical patients than the general population. The most favourable NNVs were in patients aged 70 years or more needing cancer surgery (351; best case 196, worst case 816) or non-cancer surgery (733; best case 407, worst case 1664). Both exceeded the NNV in the general population (1840; best case 1196, worst case 3066). NNVs for surgical patients remained favourable at a range of SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates in sensitivity analysis modelling. Globally, prioritizing preoperative vaccination of patients needing elective surgery ahead of the general population could prevent an additional 58 687 (best case 115 007, worst case 20 177) COVID-19-related deaths in 1 year. Conclusion As global roll out of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination proceeds, patients needing elective surgery should be prioritized ahead of the general population.The aim of this study was to inform vaccination prioritization by modelling the impact of vaccination on elective inpatient surgery. The study found that patients aged at least 70 years needing elective surgery should be prioritized alongside other high-risk groups during early vaccination programmes. Once vaccines are rolled out to younger populations, prioritizing surgical patients is advantageous

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field