Gravitational sliding of the carbonate megablocks in the Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia

The area of Lokavec in the Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia, consists of Mesozoic carbonates thrust over Paleogene siliciclastic flysch. Overthrusting and tectonic damage of carbonates accelerated their mechanical disintegration. As a result, accumulations of slope gravel and large carbonate gravitational blocks are deposited on the slopes. Based on previous research, basic geological mapping and analysis of the DEM, ten carbonate blocks were identified. The aim of our research was to map lithology, measure and analyse the dip of carbonate strata and to determine transport mechanisms for individual blocks. The displacement of blocks from the source area ranged from 80 m to 1950 m. With the displacement of gravitational blocks, changes in dip direction and dip angle were also observed. The differences between the strata dip of carbonate source area and gravitational megablocks are from 4° to 59°

Transport mechanisms and depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit in Rebrnice area

In order to understand the gravity process of recent landslides it is important to explore fossil\ud landslides, which occurred during the near and distant geological past. Fossil, especially sub recent\ud landslides can show us unstable and potentially dangerous areas to which we should pay attention\ud today. A unique insight into different slope processes in nature is certainly Rebrnice area, where you\ud can research the characteristics of the fossil landslides while observing the activity of the recent\ud landslidess. The slope deposit in the Rebrnice area were described and mapped by many authors but\ud nobody has covered the transport mechanisms and depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit\ud in detail. This doctoral thesis presents the study of slope deposit elaborated with the geologicalgeomorphological\ud approach. With the visual interpretation of the shaded digital elevation model and\ud indicator of surface roughness, which are calculated from the data of airborne laser scanning in the\ud combination of geological mapping, we can in most cases clearly identify the form of the prevalence\ud and surface characteristics of individual sedimentary bodies. On the basis of the lithological,\ud stratigraphic and architectural characteristics of the slope deposit 16 facies were separated, indicating\ud the final articles of diverse sedimentary processes within complex and often interlaced and\ud interdependent transport mechanisms. Results described in this work, and a comprehensive review of\ud the available data and literature have made it possible to understand the transport mechanisms and the\ud depositional processes of quaternary slope deposit in the Rebrnice area and thereby allow new insight\ud into slope movement throughout the northern area of the Vipava Valley

Origin of the Jezero v Ledvicah lake; a depression in a gutter-shaped karstic aquifer (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia)

The Julian Alps are composed almost exclusively of Triassic to Lower Jurassic carbonates, which results in a karstified high-al­pine landscape. In such settings, large water accumulations are not expected and precipitated water drains vertically, gathers in deep, large-scale aquifers, and outflows in large karstic springs located in deeply incised valleys. Some small lakes, however, exist in high alpine areas. Most commonly, they formed above impermeable glacial sediments and are generally characterized by stagnant waters. Jezero v Ledvicah lake, which is one of the seven lakes in the Triglav Lakes Valley, is an exception, because it shows high subaqueous water inflow and outflow and occurs among highly karstified and permeable carbonates. Combining previous research with our new, detailed geological mapping of the lake surroundings and sedimentary research on the Lower Jurassic strata, we propose a hydrogeological model with the aim of explaining the extraordinary behaviour of the lake. We propose that Jezero v Ledvicah lake: A) is part of the “gutter-shaped” aquifer with perched groundwater that is situated below the floor of the Triglav Lakes Valley; B) barriers of the aquifer are structural (faults and thrust) and stratigraphic (clay interlayers in Lower Jurassic limestone); C) the lake formed in a structural, hydrogeological and morphological depression within this aquifer; D) the groundwater of the aquifer is re­charged not solely from the surface directly above the aquifer but additionally by subterraneous inflow from the overlying Slatna Nappe aquifer; and E) groundwater outflows from the aquifer at the southern end of the Triglav Lakes Valley, where the Lower Jurassic limestone pinches out.Key words: high-alpine lake, karstic aquifer, Julian Alps, Triglav Lakes Valley, Jurassic limestone, Southern Alps.Nastanek Jezera v Ledvicah – globel v žlebu podobnem kraškem vodonosniku (Julijske Alpe, SZ Slovenija)Julijske Alpe skoraj v celoti sestavljajo triasni in jurski karbonati, kar se odraža v morfologiji kraške visokogorske pokrajine. V tovrstnih razmerah ni pričakovati večjih površinskih pojavov vode, saj padavinska voda pronica vertikalno in se akumulira v obsežnih globokih vodonosnikih, iz teh pa izteka v izdatnih kraških izvirih, ki so v globoko vrezanih dolinah. Kljub temu v alpskem visokogorju obstaja nekaj manjših jezer. Večina jih je nastala nad neprepustnimi ledeniškimi sedimenti in jih lahko opredelimo kot stoječe vode. Jezero v Ledvicah, ki je eno izmed sedmih jezer v dolini Triglavskih jezer, je izjema, saj ima močno podzemno napajanje in iztok (je pretočno) ter se pojavlja med močno zakraselimi in prepustnimi karbonati. Na podlagi predhodnih raziskav, izdelave nove geološke karte okolice jezera in sedimentoloških raziskav spodnjejurskih plasti predlagamo strukturno-geološki in hidrogeološki model, da bi razložili nastanek in lokacijo jezera. Naše ugotovitve kažejo, da je A) Jezero v Ledvicah del žlebu podobnega vodonosnika z visečo podzemno vodo, ki se pojavlja v jurskih plasteh pod dnom doline Triglavskih jezer, B) da so hidrogeološke bariere vodonosnika strukturne (prelomi in nariv) in stratigrafske (plasti gline v spodnjejurskem apnencu), C) da je jezero nastalo v strukturni, hidrogeološki in morfološki depresiji znotraj vodonosnika, D) da se podzemna voda ne napaja izključno iz padavin, ki padejo neposredno na površino vodonosnika, ampak dodatno s podzemnim napajanjem iz višje ležečega vodonosnika Slatenske tektonske krpe in E) da podzemna voda izteka iz vodonosnika na južnem delu doline Triglavskih jezer, kjer se plastnati spodnjejurski apnenci (in s tem vodonosnik) izklinjajo.Ključne besede: visokogorsko jezero, kraški vodonosnik, Julijske Alpe, dolina Triglavskih jezer, jurski apnenec, Južne Alpe

Debris flooding magnitude estimation based on relation between dendrogeomorphological and meteorological records

Debris floods are mass movement events which are usually triggered by intense short duration rainfall events. They often occur on alluvial fans in an alpine environment. Due to their sever geohazard potential they pose a serious threat to infrastructure and human life. To minimize their threat understanding of their past magnitude occurrence is crucial. Dendrogeomorphology has proven to be a highly useful method in studies of past slope mass movements. However, establishing magnitudes of past events has so far been based on indirect indicators, such as: spatial distribution of affected trees, characteristics of tree injures and sedimentological records. In this study we present a method that directly estimates the magnitudes of past debris flood events on an alluvial fan using dendrogeomorphological and meteorological data sets. The studied dendrogeomorphological data set is based on tree-ring series from 105 sampled trees (Picea abies, Abies alba and Larix decidua) growing on an active alluvial fan in a typical alpine environment of the Julian Alps in NWSlovenia. Based on sudden growth suppression thirteen debris flood events since 1903 were dated. Meteorological data from a nearby meteorological station was used to determine the exact triggering meteorological event for ten events. Comparing the It index of affected trees and calculated return period of an individual triggering meteorological event established the magnitude of debris flooding.Weshowed thatmore trees are affected at high return period/intensity of the triggering meteorological event and therefore higher magnitudes of debris floods. This research presents the first combined use of dendrogeomorphological and meteorological data sets for magnitude estimation of historic debris flood events which could be successfully applied in similar environments

A glimpse of the lost Upper Triassic to Middle Jurassic architecture of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform margin and slope

In the southernmost outcrops of the Slovenian Basin the Middle Jurassic coarse-grained limestone breccia (mega)beds are interstratified within a succession that is otherwise dominated by hemipelagites and distal turbidites. In this paper, these beds are described as the Ponikve Breccia Member of the Tolmin Formation. We provide descriptions of the studied sections with detailed geological maps and analysis of the breccia lithoclasts. From the latter, a non-outcropping margin of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform is reconstructed. In the Late Triassic the platform margin was characterized by a Dachstein-type marginal reef. After the end-Triassic extinction event, the platform architecture remained, but the reefs were replaced by sand shoals characterized by ooids. In the late Early Jurassic and/or early Middle Jurassic a slope area might have been dissected by normal faults and a step-like paleotopography was formed. In the Bajocian, during a period of major regional geodynamic perturbations, extensional or transtensional tectonic activity intensified and triggered the large-scale collapses of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform margin producing the limestone breccias described herein. This may in turn have caused a backstepping of the platform margin, as is evident from the occurrence of Late Jurassic marginal reefs that are installed directly above the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic inner platform successions

Designing a wayfinding system for cycle paths in Slovenia

V svoji diplomski nalogi sem se ukvarjala s problematiko pomanjkanja slovenske kolesarske infrastrukture. Ob porastu priljubljenosti kolesarstva v Sloveniji je problematika relevantna za vse večje število ljudi. Namembnost rekreativnega kolesarstva sta predvsem športno preživljanje prostega časa in nadgradnja kolesarskega performansa. Če rekreativni kolesar med aktivnostjo več pozornosti nameni usmerjanju kot aktivnosti sami, lahko ugotovimo, da infrastruktura ni dovolj dovršena. Za reševanje problema sem zasnovala aplikacijo, ki kolesarju pomaga pri njegovi aktivnosti – s sledenjem GPS signala ga na njegovi poti usmerja, beleženje svoje poti pa lahko kolesar po principu crowdsourcinga doda v bazo kolesarskih tras po Sloveniji. Prevoženo pot lahko kolesar z drugimi uporabniki aplikacije deli tudi z objavo na svojem uporabniškem profilu. Kot rekreativna kolesarka sem problem kot relevanten zaznala že pred začetkom dela na projektu. Zaradi pomanjkljivih usmerjevalnih oznak na poti, oziroma zaradi popolne odsotnosti usmerjevalnega sistema je bila uspešna navigacija med kolesarjenjem povsem nemogoča. Eno izmed svojih izkušenj sem v raziskovanju kasneje opredelila kot storitveni safari. Na začetku raziskovanja sem se lotila analize slovenske kolesarske infrastrukture, informacijskega oblikovanja ter usmerjanja. Z uporabo kvantitativne metodologije pa sem prvotno raziskovalno vprašanje razširila. S pomočjo intervjujev in izrisa uporabniške poti sem ugotovila, da sem infrastrukturni problem osnovala le na lastnem izkustvu. Izkazalo se je, da pomanjkanje označb predstavlja le del problema. Ob tem spoznanju sem projektu zastavila novo obliko in se lotila izdelave sistema. S pomočjo likovnih in tipografskih sredstev sem zasnovala koncept navigacijske kolesarske aplikacije. Za doseganje sistematične rešitve sem principe usmerjanja aplicirala na digitalni prostor. Tako sem na nivoju posamezne trase dosegla informacijsko zasnovo, ki bi lahko kasneje opremljala tudi fizične oznake. V svoji nalogi sem z metodo informacijskega oblikovanja nadgradila začetno opredelitev problema, s tem bolje definirala smer reševanja in lažje izbrala ustrezen pristop. Le z aktivnim sodelovanjem uporabnikov je namreč mogoče izboljšati njihovo uporabniško izkušnjo. Predstavljeni koncept pa vendar brez strokovne podpore ter ustreznih sredstev ostaja le ena izmed idej o izboljšavi vsakodnevnega življenja.The following thesis deals with the lack of cycling infrastructure in Slovenia. With the recent growth of popularity of cycling in Slovenia, the absence is becoming ever more relevant. Recreational cyclists wish to improve their performance and spend their leisure time in an active manner but often they have to pay more attention to wayfinding than cycling itself, which a clear sign of the insufficiency of Slovenia’s current cycling infrastructure. To tackle the problem, I developed a mobile application to help cyclists along their way - by tracking GPS signal the application helps in wayfinding along the route, and cyclists can also publish their routes on their profiles. Via crowdsourcing, they can also share their routes onto the Slovenian cycling routes database. As a recreational cyclist, I experienced this problem first-handedly and thus saw it as relevant before starting to work on this project already. Due to a lack of directional signs on routes and a complete absence of a comprehensive directional system, satisfactory navigation was not possible. As I began my research, I later defined one of my cycling experiences as a ‘service safari’. I started my research by analyzing Slovenia’s cycling infrastructure, the general information design and wayfinding. I later expanded the original research question using a quantitative method. With the help of interviews and a user journey diagram that I constructed, I found that the defined infrastructure problem was based solely on my own experiences. The lack of directional sings turned out to be just part of the problem. With this in mind, I redesigned the project and began forming an application system. I designed the concept for a navigation cycling application using visual and typographic means. I applied wayfinding principles to the digital space in order to develop a systematic solution. I hence developed an information design based on individual route level that could later also equip directional signs in the actual physical environment.In my assignment I used the information design method to reassess the initial definition of the problem, which enabled me to better define the solution and choose an appropriate approach to achieve it. The user experience can only be improved through the user’s active participation in the process. Without professional support and adequate resources however, the concept I present here represents just one possible idea for improving everyday life of cyclists in Slovenia

Uporaba nabora multimedijskih orodij za mednarodno predstavitev mostu "Pašerele" čez reko Sočo na Goriškem

V pričujočem delu je predstavljen potek projekta, ki smo ga začeli izvajati v maju 2014 pod mentorstvom dr. Franca Policardija, glavnega distributerja uporabljenega gradiva g. Maria Mute ter g. Petra Gruntarja, ki nam je pomagal pri rekonstrukciji mostu v AvtoCAD-u 2012. Problem našega projekta je bil kako z uporabo standardnih metod in multimedije zabrisati mejo, ki je nastala med Slovenijo in Italijo, bolj natančno med potomci ljudi, ki so nekdaj živeli pod skupno državo Avstro-Ogrsko. Obe večji mesti napaja utrip tako slovenskih kot italijanskih državljanov, zato smo se odločili, da obudimo spomin na Most, ki je pred 1. sv. vojno povezoval kraja blizu obeh omenjenih mest. Po podrobni mednarodni zgodovinski raziskavi smo virtualno rekonstruirali most v programu AutoCAD po prvotnih načrtih izpred stotih let. Za ta namen smo uporabili vse še danes znano fotografsko gradivo ter pisne vire od 18. st. dalje. Ciljali smo na izdelek napisan na papirju in tudi na demonstrativni fizični izdelek: na dan Soške regate 7.9.2014 smo postavili na točen kraj čez Sočo 2D maketo bivšega mostu. Naredili smo tudi dvojezično spletno stran ter kratko video predstavitev. Kot sedanji zaključek projekta smo napisali dvojezično knjigo z naslovom Rad bi spet bil katera je nastala v sodelovanju z g. Mariom Mutom in dr. Francem Policardijem, da bi naredili korak proti ponovni združitvi ljudi.This thesis presents the progress of our project initiated in May 2014, under the mentorship of Dr. Franc Policardi, Mr. Mario Muto as the main provider of all the material we have used for the project and Mr. Peter Gruntar, who helped us with the bridge reconstruction in AutoCAD 2012. The main focus of our project was to find a way to blur the division between Slovenia and Italy, specifically between the descendants of the people once united under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, using multimedia and other standard methods. Considering that the two major cities in the area – Gorizia and Nova Gorica – are both home for actual Slovenian as well as actual Italian citizens, we decided to revive the memory of The Bridge that connected the areas of the two cities before the WW1. After a thorough international-history research we have reconstructed the bridge using AutoCAD software, following the original plans dating back 100 years. For this purpose we used all the still existing photographic material and written sources from the 18 th century onwards. Since our goal was not only to produce a written work, but to create a physical product, we placed a 2D model on the exact spot where the original Bridge stayed over the Soča river, on the day of the Soča Rowing Regatta – Sep 7 th 2014. A website in both Slovenian and Italian was made, as well as a short video presentation. We have also written a book with the title Rad bi spet bil (I Wish to Be Again), with the collaboration of Mr. Mario Muto and Dr. Franc Policardi, wishing to step toward reuniting the people once again

Daritvena pogača župnik in Valvasorjev Hausgötze – gospodarčekThe Offering Bread župnik and Valvasor's Hausgötze – gospodarček

The author analyses the uses of the Christmas festive bread poprtnik and the age-old tradition of baking such offerings in Slovenia. These offerings, along with the names of certain Slavic deities, were first mentioned four hundred years ago. One of these Christmas breads has preserved its name – župnik, documented in Ribnica in Dolenjsko / Lower Carniola. This name župnik was passed on to this offering bread after the early medieval Slavic administrative unit župa, and not after the Slovenian term for a Catholic priest – župnik, which was first introduced only just after the year 1860

Origin of planation surfaces in the hinterland of Šumljak sedimentary bodies in Rebrnice (Upper Vipava Valley, SW Slovenia)

The Rebrnice area forms the north eastern slopes of the Upper Vipava Valley and is located between Karst plateau to the southwest and the Nanos plateau to the northeast. The Rebrnice slopes are geomorphologically defied by a thrust front of Mesozoic carbonates over Tertiary flsch deposits and are characterised by a variety of polygenetic landslides (being the most prominent geomorphological features). Among them, the three Šumljak sedimentary bodies of fossil landslides (approximately 0.56 km² in area) comprise carbonate gravels and breccia. The most distinctive geomorphological element is the planation surface of the carbonate breccia blocks positioned in the hinterland of the Šumljak sedimentary bodies. Another feature is the presence of local escarpments (steep scarps) defiing the border between the planation surface in the hinterland and sedimentary bodies. Our research suggests that the whole area in the hinterland of the Šumljak sedimentary bodies form part of a deep-seated rotational landslide formed of carbonate breccia. On the basis of the dipping of the breccia beds, in particular parts of the rotational blocks, the rotation can reach up to 60°. Planation surfaces developed above the curved, sliding plane in the central part and/or slightly outer part of the landslide. Steep scarps on the external parts of the planation surface represent the main scarps of the Šumljak sedimentary bodies. We propose that these bodies originated from the remobilization of material accumulated in outer parts of large-scale rotational slides and its transportation further downslope, mostly by rock avalanches