Properties of the integrated spectrum of active galactic nuclei

The aim of this thesis is to characterize the properties of the integrated spectrum of active galactic nuclei(AGNs), such as the ubiquity of the Fe Kα emission in AGNs, the dependence of the spectral parameters(e.g. the power law photon index and the Fe Kα equivalent width etc.) on the X-ray luminosity and redshift, and mean properties (including the line profile) of the Fe Kα line which can be addressed via stacking in the source rest-frame. I selected 2646 point sources observed with XMM-Newton at high galactic latitude (|BII| > 25 degrees) and with the sum of EPIC-PN and EPIC-MOS 0.2–12 keV counts greater than 1000. Redshifts were obtained for 919 sources from the Nasa’s Extragalactic Database. In order to prepare a clean sample, I retained only reliable sources (those for which the detection and the spectral products do not show obvious problems). I also excluded sources classified as HII regions, groups/clusters, star-forming/starburst galaxies. The final sample consists of 507 AGNs. To examine the ubiquity of the Fe Kα emission in AGNs and the dependence of the spectral parameters on the X-ray luminosity and redshift, I employed the observed-frame stacking technique, in which individual source spectra were summed in the observed-frame to compute the integrated spectra in different redshift and luminosity bins over the range 0 < z < 5. Detailed analysis of these spectra used appropriately normalized background spectra and exposure time weighted response and ancillary files. I find that the narrow Fe Kα line at 6.4 keV is significantly detected up to z = 1. The line equivalent width decreases with increasing the X-ray luminosity in the 2–10 keV band (“Iwasawa-Taniguchi effect”). The anticorrelation is characterized by the relation log(EW_Fe) = (1.66 ± 0.09) + (−0.43 ± 0.07) log(LX,44), where EW_Fe is the rest-frame equivalent width of the neutral Fe Kα line in eV and LX,44 is the 2–10 keV X-ray luminosity in units of 10^44 erg/s. The equivalent width is nearly independent of redshift up to z ∼ 0.8 with an average value of 101 ± 40 (rms dispersion) eV in the luminosity range 43.5 ≤ log LX ≤ 44.5. This analysis also confirms the hardening of the spectral indices at low luminosities, implying a dependence of obscuration on luminosity. To derive the mean properties of the Fe Kα line in the source rest-frame, I refined the final sample of 507 AGNs and selected 248 AGNs with the EPIC-PN net 2–10 keV rest-frame counts ≥200 and power law photon indices in the range 1.5–2.2. I computed the integrated spectrum of these 248 AGNs in the source rest-frame using two different rest-frame stacking procedures. I carried out a detailed spectral analysis of these integrated spectra using various models comprising simple/complex continuum and Fe Kα line components. I find that the average Fe Kα line profile in our sample is best represented by a combination of a narrow and a broad line. The equivalent widths of the narrow and broad components are ∼30 eV and ∼100 eV, respectively. The broad line parameters such as its shape, equivalent width and its detection significance in the integrated spectrum of the 248 AGNs are observed to be very sensitive to the assumed continuum and adopted stacking method. However, despite having a well-defined sample with reasonable statistics (net counts ∼ 198000) in the integrated spectrum, I do not detect a clear extended red-wing, and the measured equivalent width of the broad feature is always lower than 170 eV, implying that most black holes are not maximally rotating

Evaluation of new genotypes of brinjal (Solacanum melongena L.) under tarai condition of Uttarakhand

In order to assess the performance of some new genotypes of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under tarai condition of Uttarakhand, an investigation was carried out at Vegetable Research Centre, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, during autumn-winter cropping season of 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 replications and 9 treatments viz. PB-300, PB-301, PB-302, PB-303, PB-304, PB-305, Kashi Tarun, Punjab Sadabahar and Pant Samrat. To have comparative study, growth characters, per cent fruit infested by fruit borer, fruit yield and finally economics were also worked out. The findings revealed that none of the new genotypes in this study could supersede the local checks in respect to yield related attributes, per cent infested fruit by borer and economics. Amongst 6 genotypes and 3 commercial cultivars, variety Kashi Tarun proved the best with respect to fruit yield (490.73 q/ha) and B:C (2.43). It is also less infested by fruit borer. The per cent infested fruit by borer was 7.16 %. Variety pant samrat and pant bahar were also considered promising with 385.70 and 369.33 q/ha marketable fruit yield

Sexting and Mental Health: A School-based Longitudinal Study Among Youth in Texas

Background: Sexting has emerged as a common socio-cultural problem in our society today. Few studies have estimated the prevalence of sexting among younger middle school youth and even fewer have assessed the relationship between sexting and mental health outcomes like anxiety and depression symptoms among middle school youth. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of sexting among sixth and seventh-grade middle school students in a large urban school district in Southeast Texas and to assess its relationship with mental health outcomes (both anxiety and depression) among these youth. Methods: A retrospective analysis of an existing three-year randomized, two-arm, nested longitudinal study was conducted. Associations between sexting and depression symptoms; and sexting and anxiety symptoms were assessed via univariate and multivariate logistic analysis. Results: The prevalence of sexting among sixth graders was found to be 12%. Compared to youth who were not engaged in sexting, engagement in sexting was associated with significantly increased odds of depression and anxiety symptoms. Conclusion: Sexting is common among youth and is associated with poorer mental health outcomes such as anxiety and depression among these youth, but further validation of these findings is needed

Dynamics of contraceptive use among women attending multi-speciality hospital in Faridabad district of Haryana

Background: Population of India is growing at a very fast rate while its resources are limited which will lead to decrease in per capita availability of resources. Contraceptive methods are the simplest way to address this issue of population explosion by preventing the unwanted pregnancies. The objective of this study was to assess awareness and practices regarding contraceptive use and its determinants among women attending gynecology OPD of multi-specialty hospital in Faridabad district of Haryana.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was planned among 200 patients from gynecology OPD in a multi-specialty hospital of Faridabad district of Haryana. The questionnaire consisted of questions about socio-demographic data and data related contractive awareness and practices. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 21.0.Results: Mean age of study subjects was 29.4±4.3 years. Out of 200 participants, about one fourth (77.5%) were aware about contraception and more than half (59.5%) of them were using contraception methods. Factors like age and education status, occupation and area of residence were found to be statistically significantly (p<0.001) associated with contraception knowledge and practice. Barrier method was most common method of contraception followed by Oral contraceptive pills.Conclusions: This study concludes that knowledge about contraception was high as about one fourth (77.5%) were aware about contraception while practice of contraception was relatively low as compare to knowledge as two fifth (40.5%) of them were not using any contraception methods. So, there is a need to increase awareness about importance of contraception practice among study population

Consumption of Soft Drink and it’s Implication on Health

Soft drink consumption has expanded rapidly, so much so that soft drinks are currently the largest single contributors to energy intake. In this paper, we investigate the factor which leads to the consumption of soft drink and effect of the consumption of soft drink. Data was collected by the help of questionnaire and chi square test was used to relate the different variables. 70% are male respondents and 30% are female respondents from age group 20-40 years.&nbsp; Factors considered to know the influence of soft drink preference are price, flavour, advertisement, availability, brand, nutritive value, temperature. This study identifies that male consumers are greater than female consumers which are mainly from 20-40years of age. Advertisement does not affect much the buying preference.&nbsp; Main factors which effect the buying preference are flavour, availability and temperature. &nbsp;Factors taken in consideration to know the effect of consumption of soft drink are health effect and artificial sweetener. Calculated chi square values for these factors are X2 = 0.159805(advertisement), 0.361596(flavour), 0.312476(price), 0.22484(nutritive value), 1.399375(temperature), 0.113782(artificial sweetener). These values are calculated by statistical tool chi square from the responses received. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i3.00

STUDY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR FOR BAKERY PRODUCTS

oai:ojs2.ijaast.com:article/1Due to the change in lifestyle, consumption of bakery products increases rapidly worldwide. This study was done tounderstand the behavior of consumers towards bakery products on the basis of various factors like age group and gender ofconsumers, flavor, texture, taste, odor, price of bakery products. Data was collected by survey (questionnaire) in the form ofresponses and these responses were analyzed by using chi-square test to test the relationship between different categoricalvariables. Objectives of this study were to study the different factors influencing the selection of bakery products and to study theconsumer behavior towards bakery products. According to the study, males of 20 to 40 years age group involved in services (jobs)were highest consumer of bakery products i.e. 82%. Another finding of this study was, factors (flavor, texture, raw material, odor,smell, price of bakery products) directly influence consumers buying decision. With the help of Chi-square test a satisfactoryrelationship was obtained between these variables i.e. for raw material X2&gt;0.17908 (df=1), for flavor X2&gt;0.73588 (df=1), forfortification X2&gt;0.02518 (df=1), for nutritive value X2&gt;0.012216 (df=1). Overall a positive behavior of consumers was recorded bythis research. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i3.00

Review on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and its Important Secondary Metabolite Diosgenin

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a medicinal plant used worldwide since ancient times. Its use as smelling agent and spice was documented since 15th century. The genus Trigonella includes around 260 species diffused worldwide and belonging to Fabaceae family. In the last decades, a number of studies highlighted the biological activities and therapeutic properties of this species mainly attributed to bioactive secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids and saponins. In particular, diosgenin, a steroidal saponin, has been investigated for its medicinal uses and fenugreek has been reported as source of raw material for the production of steroidal hormones. This review article focuses on the cultivation, genetics, ecophysiology and traditional uses of fenugreek, as well as on its medicinal properties, phytochemical and nutrient contents. Extraction procedures and pharmacological activities of diosgenin are also reviewed, as well as methods for its chemical analyses. This review focuses on the medicinal importance of Fenugreek and its important secondary metabolite diosgenin. The review article complies the results of pre-clinical studies conducted to establish the various medicinal applications of diosgenin. This will help researcher to discover fundamental role of diosgenin as a potential product for drug manufacturers and use of fenugreek as a source of diosgenin

ELECTRONIC PAPER TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT E-Paper or electronic paper or electronic ink is a revolutionary material that is I INTRODUCTION In 1970s, the first electronic paper was developed at Xerox&apos;s Palo Alto Research centre by Nick Sheridon. Gyricon was the first electronic paper, consisted of small, statically charged balls that were white on one side and black on the other. The text was altered by the presence of an electric field, causes the balls up or down. Joseph Jacobson was developed another type of electronic paper in 1990s, who soon after co-founded the corporation E Ink which formed a business with Philips Components. After two years, two companies are carrying works in the field of development of electronic ink. One is E-ink a company at Cambridge, U.S.A. Second is Xerox doing research effort at Xerox&apos;s Palo Alto Research Centre? To build e-paper several different technologies exist, some using plastic substrate and electronic so that the display is flexible. E-paper technology is designed to mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. E-paper reflects light like an ordinary paper and holds text and images without drawing electricity, while allowing the image to be change later .An ideal e-paper display can be read directly in sunlight without the image appearing to be fade. II TECHNOLOGY USED Gyricon Gyricon was the first e-paper developed in 1970s at Xerox&apos;s Palo Alto Research Centre. It is composed of polyethylene spheres of about 75 to 106 micrometers across. Each sphere (Janus particle) is composed of black plastic on one side and white plastic on the other which is negatively and positively charged respectively. In a -2319-8354(E) 107 | P a g e www.ijarse.com transparent silicone sheet these spheres are embedded, with each sphere dispersed in a bubble of oil so that every sphere can spin freely. The applied voltage polarity to each pair of electrodes determines whether the black or white side is face-up, hence giving the pixel a white or black look. Using this technology, Japanese company Soken has established a wall with electronic wall-paper at the FPD 2008 exhibition. International Journal Of Advance Research In Science And Engineering http://www.ijarse.com IJARSE, Vol. No.2, Issue No.9, September 2013 ISSN Electrophoretic display These displays form visible images, by rearrange charged colored particles using an applied electric field. In this display, titanium dioxide particles are detached in hydrocarbon oil to which a dark colored dye is added with surfactants and charging agents and then this mixture is placed between two parallel conducting plates. When an electric field is applied to it, the particles will move towards the plate bearing opposite charge. If these particles are accumulate at the front side of the display it looks white as light is reflected back by titanium particles and if these are located at the back side then it appears black because incident light is absorbed by colored dye. By applying suitable voltage to each area of the display to generate a pattern of reflecting and absorbing regions, resulting in the configuration of image in these displays. The electrophoretic technology used by E-ink is the most commonly known and used form of E-paper. Electrowetting In this technology, the shape of water/oil interface is controlled by applying appropriate voltage. The interfacial tension between coating and the water, changes when voltage is applied between electrode and the water resulting in a stacked state. This state is no more stable causing the water to move the oil to one side and results in a partially transparent pixel, or in a white pixel, if a reflective white plane is used. The observer only experiences the average reflection due to the small size of pixels and this reflection forms the basis of reflective display. When no voltage is applied, between the water and a hydrophobic insulate covering of an electrode, the oil forms a flat film, resulting in a coloured pixel. Electrowetting displays have several attractive features. These displays consume low voltage and low power and can be made thin and flat. The switching between white and coloured reflection is fast enough to show video content

SEAMLESS EXPENSE SHARING FOR REMOTE PURCHASES”

The present disclosure discloses payment processing that seamless expense sharing for remote purchases. When the user does not have plurality of physical card then the user may provide plurality of information associated with the card of the user. Based on the provided information QR code may be generated which may be also shared to family and friends via email or MMS. The generated QR code is provided to POS associated with the merchant. The merchant may send details to the third party for authorization based on which the details is sent to issuer for final authorization. Once the issuer approves, the link may be sent to user through which he/she may provide the approval for the payment. When the amount gets credited to the merchant, then the successful message may be sent to the user

A Swollen Seed Found in a Child’s Ear Amidst COVID-19 Lockdown: A Case Report

Foreign body lodgement in external auditory canal in pediatric age group is a common problem encountered by Otolaryngologists in emergency as well as in outpatient department.&nbsp; A case report of swollen seed found in external auditory canal in right ear, of a 6-year-old boy out of poverty, neglect and unavailable ENT consultant OPD due to lockdown for the serious pandemic condition