Informed dispersal based on prospecting impacts the rate and shape of range expansions

Acknowledgements This model was initially designed during the Purple Patch Pumpkin meeting in the Corbières (France) in October 2018 and we thank all participants for fruitful discussions. Funding AP was funded by a European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 753420 (EcoEvoProspectS project).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Bigger juveniles and smaller adults : changes in fish size correlate with warming seas

Funding Information Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) H2020 Societal Challenges. Grant Number: 677039 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Marine Scotland Science for their help during data compilation, notably for the West of Scotland. We are also grateful to Tara Marshall and John Morrongiello for their suggestions during early stages of data analyses. Funding for I.E.I. PhD comes from the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), which is gratefully acknowledged. P.G.F., A.R.B. and A.P. were supported by the Horizon 2020 European research project ClimeFish (grant No. 677039).Peer reviewedPostprin

Prospecting and informed dispersal : Understanding and predicting their joint eco-evolutionary dynamics

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AP was funded by a European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 753420 (EcoEvoProspectS project). JMJT and AS were funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, project grant BB/S507349/1.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Similar at-sea behaviour but different habitat use between failed and successful breeding albatrosses

Breeding failure is expected to induce behavioural changes in central place foragers. Indeed, after a failed reproductive attempt, breeding individuals are relieved from having to return to their breeding site for reproductive duties and thus are less constrained than successful breeders in their movements during the remainder of the breeding season. Accordingly, they are expected to adjust their behaviour, travelling longer in distance and/or time to reach foraging grounds. They are also expected to use different foraging areas to decrease local intra-specific competition with successful breeders. We compared the at-sea behaviour and habitat use of successful and failed Indian yellow-nosed albatrosses nesting in Amsterdam Island, Southern Indian Ocean, during 2 chick-rearing seasons. Failed breeders exhibited the same at-sea foraging behaviour, travelling as far and as long as successful breeders. They also spent the same amount of time on their nest between at-sea trips. Nevertheless, habitat models revealed partial spatial segregation of failed breeders, which used specific foraging areas characterized by deeper and colder waters in addition to the areas they shared with successful breeders. Our study shows the importance of combining a range of analytical methods (spatial analysis, behavioural inferences with advanced movement models and habitat models) to infer the at-sea behaviour and habitat use of seabirds. It also stresses the importance of considering individual breeding status when aiming to understand the spatial distribution of individuals, especially when this information may have conservation implications

Foraging Fidelity as a Recipe for a Long Life: Foraging Strategy and Longevity in Male Southern Elephant Seals

Identifying individual factors affecting life-span has long been of interest for biologists and demographers: how do some individuals manage to dodge the forces of mortality when the vast majority does not? Answering this question is not straightforward, partly because of the arduous task of accurately estimating longevity in wild animals, and of the statistical difficulties in correlating time-varying ecological covariables with a single number (time-to-event). Here we investigated the relationship between foraging strategy and life-span in an elusive and large marine predator: the Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina). Using teeth recovered from dead males on îles Kerguelen, Southern Ocean, we first aged specimens. Then we used stable isotopic measurements of carbon () in dentin to study the effect of foraging location on individual life-span. Using a joint change-point/survival modelling approach which enabled us to describe the ontogenetic trajectory of foraging, we unveiled how a stable foraging strategy developed early in life positively covaried with longevity in male Southern Elephant Seals. Coupled with an appropriate statistical analysis, stable isotopes have the potential to tackle ecological questions of long standing interest but whose answer has been hampered by logistic constraints

Individual behaviours and population response to environmental changes : the black-legged kittiwake as a model

Le but de cette thèse est d'étudier les comportements individuels liés à la sélection de l'habitat de reproduction chez un oiseau marin colonial longévif, la mouette tridactyle et de déterminer leur importance dans la réponse des populations aux changements environnementaux à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Dans un premier temps, des approches expérimentales incluant un suivi du mouvement des individus par GPS et balises Argos ont permis de démontrer que seuls des individus en échec de reproduction effectuent des mouvements de prospection impliquant la visite d'autres zones de reproduction. Ces mouvements ont été enregistrés depuis la période de fin d'incubation jusqu'à la période d'élevage des poussins à des échelles spatiales aussi bien locales ( 40 km), dans des conditions environnementales variées. Ensuite, un modèle de dynamique des populations considérant différentes stratégies de dispersion a montré que contrairement à la philopatrie et la dispersion aléatoire, l'utilisation d'informations personnelle et sociale par les individus permet aux populations de maintenir des effectifs élevés et de persister sur le long-terme. Enfin, des modèles de captures-recaptures ont mis en évidence des interactions indirectes entre protocoles de suivis à long-terme d'individus marqués et comportements individuels liés à la dispersion. Ces interactions peuvent notamment biaiser l'estimation de paramètres démographiques tels que le taux de survie annuelle. L'ensemble de nos résultats démontre que la sélection de l'habitat de reproduction et la dispersion sont des processus complexes mais essentiels dans la compréhension du fonctionnement des populations et qu'ils doivent être mieux pris en compte dans les modèles prédictifs de dynamique, structure et persistance des populations en réponse aux changements environnementaux.The aim of this thesis is to study individual behaviours linked to breeding habitat selection in a long-lived colonial seabird, the black-legged kittiwake, and to determine their importance in population responses to environmental changes occurring at different spatial and temporal scales. First, experimental approaches including GPS and satellite tracking of individuals allowed demonstrating that only failed breeders performed prospecting movements involving visits of other breeding areas. These movements were recorded from egg incubation to chick rearing at local spatial scales ( 40km), in various environmental conditions. Then, a population dynamic model considering different dispersal strategies showed that contrarily to philopatry and random dispersal, personal and social information use by individuals favoured population persistence in the long-term. Finally, capture-recapture models highlighted indirect interactions between sampling designs of long-term surveys of marked individuals and behaviours linked to dispersal. These interactions can notably bias the estimation of demographic parameters such as annual survival rate. All our results demonstrate that breeding habitat selection and dispersal are complex but essential processes in the understanding of population functioning and they have to be considered in models predicting the dynamics, structure and persistence of populations in response to environmental changes

Breeding failure induces large scale prospecting movements in the black-legged kittiwake

Before making dispersal decisions, many species are known to gather social information by prospecting potential future breeding sites, especially when they have failed breeding. So far, the role of current breeding performance on the occurrence of prospecting movements has mainly been studied at limited spatial scales, because of diffi- culties in tracking free-ranging, fast-moving individuals between distant breeding patches. Little information is thus available on individual behaviour and the spatial extent of prospecting movements in response to breeding failure. To address this issue, black-legged kittiwakes which breeding success was manipulated were tracked with GPS at the end of incubation in two Norwegian colonies. Crucially, and as predicted, prospecting visits to other breeding colonies were recorded in 33% of artificially-failed breeders, but never in successful ones. They occurred at large (40 km) as well as local spatial scales (1 km). Time-budgets of successful and failed breeders differed significantly in terms of trip duration, but also foraging, resting and nesting propensities. These results provide important elements to assess trade-offs between prospecting and other activities. They show that a substantial proportion of failed breeders prospect as early as within a week after failure at the egg stage and suggest that these individuals assess their options of future reproduction by prospecting alternative areas, although dispersal decisions may also involve more complex behavioural processes. Because they link breeding colonies situated tens of kilometres apart, prospecting movements may have critical implications for the dynamics of subdivided populations.2 and a Région Languedoc-Roussillon programme ‘Chercheur d'Avenir’ award to TB. [SS]French Polar Institute; University of Montpellier 2; Region Languedoc-Roussillon programme 'Chercheur d'Avenir

Breaking the sticks: a hierarchical change-point model 1 for estimating ontogenetic shifts with stable isotope 2 data

International audience1. Stable isotopes are increasingly used in ecology to investigate ontogenetic shifts in foraging habitat (via 13C) and in trophic level (via 15N). These shifts are in essence an individual-level phenomenon, requiring repeated measures throughout the life of individuals, that is longitudinal data. Longitudinal data require in turn specifying an appropriate covariance structure. Here we present a hierarchical model to jointly investigate individual ontogenetic shifts in 13C and 15N values. 2. In a Bayesian framework, we used a Cholesky decomposition for estimating a moderately-sized covariance matrix, thereby directly estimating correlations between parameters describing time-series of isotopic measurements. We offer guidelines on how to select the covariance structure. 3. The approach is illustrated with a hierarchical change-point (or broken stick) model applied to a data set collected on Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga leonina. Ontogenetic shifts in foraging habitat, following a juvenile and variable stage, were detected and interpreted as fidelity to a foraging strategy; while ontogenetic shifts in trophic level were more likely the result of complete independence from maternal resources followed by a gradual increase in trophic level as seals aged. 4. Specifying both an appropriate covariance and mean structure enabled us to draw strong inferences on the ecology of an elusive marine predator, and has wide applicability for isotopic ecology provided repeated isotopic measurements are available

Field-based and simulated datasets

These are all the datasets used in the simulated and field-based studies. The simulated data were obtained from M-Surge software. The field-based data have been collected from a long-term monitoring survey carried out in the black-legged kittiwake colony of Hornøya, Norway