Effect of Temperature, Modified Atmosphere and Ethylene During Olive Storage on Quality and Bitterness Level of the Oil

6 pages, 4 tables.-- Printed version published Mar 2009.Mill olives (Olea europaea L. cv. ‘Lechín’), harvested at the green mature stage of ripening, were stored for 72 h under six different storage conditions: in air, in a closed container, and in a closed container with 30 ppm ethylene either at 20 or at 40 °C. The use of 40 °C as the fruit storage temperature reduced oil bitterness, regardless of the atmosphere applied; however, it also induced a significant reduction in stability and pigment content of the oil extracted. At 20 °C, mill olives stored under air supplemented with 30 ppm ethylene engendered oils with middle bitterness intensity, whereas the oils obtained from fruit stored similarly, but without ethylene, or in an open container exhibited a strong intensity of this sensory attribute. Fruit respiration in the closed containers caused a CO2 accumulation and an O2 decrease in the storage atmosphere. This CO2 concentration was increased by the previous ethylene addition, but O2 presence did not suffer an additional reduction. The use of modified atmospheres in fruit storage induced off-flavor development in the oils extracted, producing a significant reduction in the overall grading of their sensory quality.The authors are grateful to the Project Citrisaude SP5.P120/03 of the Program Interreg IIIA of the European Community for their financial support. The authors also gratefully acknowledge M.C. Martínez for technical assistance and Sociedad Agraria de Transformacion N-1941 Santa Teresa de Osuna for supplying the olive fruit.Peer reviewe

Regulation of antibiotic sales in Mexico: an analysis of printed media coverage and stakeholder participation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Restricting antibiotics sales to those with medical prescriptions only is a central strategy for promoting appropriate use and containing antibiotic resistance; however, many low and middle income countries have not enforced policies that prevent widespread self-medication with antibiotics. In 2010, the Mexican government announced the enforcement of antibiotic sales regulations, a policy that gained media prominence. This study analyzes media coverage of issues, stakeholder representation, and positions taken during policy agenda setting, drafting, and implementation to shed light on policy making to promote appropriate antibiotic utilization.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We carried out a quantitative content analysis of 322 newspaper articles published between January 2009 and December 2010 in 18 national and regional newspapers. Additionally, we conducted a qualitative content analysis to understand the positions adopted and strategies developed by nine key stakeholders. Framing theory guided the analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The Ministry of Health dominated media coverage, justifying the enforcement policy by focusing on risks of self-medication, and to a lesser degree dangers of increasing antibiotic resistance. Pharmacy associations appeared to be the leading opponents, arguing that the policy created logistical difficulties and corruption, and had negative economic impact for pharmacies and their clients. The associations developed strategies against the regulation such as attempting to delay implementation and installing physicians’ consultation offices within pharmacies. While medical associations and academic institutions called for a comprehensive strategy to combat antibiotic resistance, improve prescription quality, and create public awareness, these issues had little impact on media coverage. Consumer groups and legislators received very little media coverage.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The narrowly-focused and polarized media coverage ─centred on problems of self- medication and economic impact ─ was a missed opportunity to publicly discuss and to develop a comprehensive national strategy on antibiotic use in Mexico. It highlights the need for discussing and developing interventions within the framework of a pharmaceutical policy.</p