Scalability measurements in an information-centric network

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Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Performance Evaluation of an Opportunistic Distributed Power Control Procedure for Wireless Multiple Access

In wireless ad hoc networks, effective spatial channel reuse can maximize the achievable throughput. To this aim, power-controlled multiple access MAC protocols seems to be a viable solution to allow a greater number of simultaneous transmissions on the same channel. In this paper, we propose an opportunistic distributed algorithm to increase throughput in ad-hoc networks by exploiting the spatial reuse deriving from the implementation of power controlled data transmissions. Performance is evaluated through simulation. Results show that a marked improvement of the aggregate channel utilization can be achieved with respect to the no power control schemes (such as in the typical IEEE 802.11 systems) by properly selecting the link margins for fading and interference

CONET: A Content Centric Inter-Networking Architecture

CONET is a content-centric inter-network that provides users with a network access to remote named-resources, rather than to remote hosts. Named-resources can be either data (named-data) or service-access-points (named-sap), identified by a networkidentifier (a name). CONET interconnects CONET Sub Systems, which can be layer-2 networks, layer-3 networks or couples of nodes connected by a point-to-point link. CONET supports the already proposed “clean-slate ” and “overlay ” deployment approaches. In addition, CONET supports a novel “integration” approach, which extends the IP layer with a new header option that makes IP itself content-aware. CONET limits the size of name-based routing tables by including only a subset of all named-resources; missing entries are looked up in a name-system and then cached. CONET does not maintain states in network nodes, to deliver contents

Route discovery and caching: a way to improve the scalability of Information-Centric Networking

Abstract—Information Centric Networking (ICN) is a new paradigm in which the network layer provides users with content, instead of providing communication channels between hosts, and is aware of the name (or identifiers) of the contents. In this paper, we first describe what, we believe, are the main advantages and components of an ICN infrastructure; then we present an overall architecture for ICN, and then we focus on the main contribution of the paper, which is a route caching technique, designed to improve the scalability of the routing by name functionality