297 research outputs found
Thermodynamic bound on quantum state discrimination
We show that the second law of thermodynamics poses a restriction on how well
we can discriminate between quantum states. By examining an ideal gas with a
quantum internal degree of freedom undergoing a cycle based on a proposal by
Asher Peres, we establish a non-trivial upper bound on the attainable accuracy
of quantum state discrimination. This thermodynamic bound, which relies solely
on the linearity of quantum mechanics and the constraint of no work extraction,
matches Holevo's bound on accessible information, but is looser than the
Holevo-Helstrom bound. The result gives more evidence on the disagreement
between thermodynamic entropy and von Neumann entropy, and places potential
limitations on proposals beyond quantum mechanics.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures. RevTeX 4.
Teoría del grado de Brouwer-Kronecker
En este trabajo se estudian los elementos básicos de la teoría del grado de Brouwer-Kronecker. Se demuestran los resultados de existencia de difeotopías y de aproximación de aplicaciones continuas (propias) con homotopía que permiten definir consistentemente el grado de una aplicación suave y su extensión a aplicaciones continuas, respectivamente. La invariancia por homotopía del grado se utiliza para probar varios resultados topológicos profundos incluyendo el teorema de Borsuk-Hirsch sobre el grado de aplicaciones pares e impares en esferas y el de Jordan-Brouwer sobre la desconexión de espacios afines por hipersuperficies
Real time updating of the flood frequency distribution through data assimilation
We explore the memory properties of catchments for predicting the likelihood of floods basing on
observations of average flows in pre-flood seasons. Our approach assumes that flood formation is
driven by the superimposition of short and long term perturbations. The former is given by the short
term meteorological forcing leading to infiltration and/or saturation excess, while the latter is originated
15 by higher-than-usual storage in the catchment. To exploit the above sensitivity to long term
perturbations a Meta-Gaussian model is implemented for updating a season in advance the flood
frequency distribution, through a data assimilation approach. Accordingly, the peak flow in the flood
season is predicted by exploiting its dependence on the average flow in the antecedent seasons. We
focus on the Po River at Pontelagoscuro and the Danube river at Bratislava. We found that the shape of
20 the flood frequency distribution is significantly impacted by higher-than-usual flows occurred up to
several months earlier. The proposed technique may allow one to reduce the uncertainty associated to
the estimation of flood frequenc
Long term prediction of flood occurrence
How long a river remembers its past is still an open question. Perturbations occurring in large catchments may impact the flow regime for several weeks and months, therefore providing a physical explanation for the occasional tendency of floods to occur in clusters. The research question explored in this paper may be stated as follows: can higher than usual river discharges in the low flow season be associated to a higher probability of floods in the subsequent high flow season? The physical explanation for such association may be related to the presence of higher soil moisture storage at the beginning of the high flow season, which may induce lower infiltration rates and therefore higher river runoff. Another possible explanation is persistence of climate, due to presence of long-term properties in atmospheric circulation. We focus on the Po River at Pontelagoscuro, whose catchment area amounts to 71 000 km2. We look at the stochastic connection between average river flows in the pre-flood season and the peak flows in the flood season by using a bivariate probability distribution. We found that the shape of the flood frequency distribution is significantly impacted by the river flow regime in the low flow season. The proposed technique, which can be classified as a data assimilation approach, may allow one to reduce the uncertainty associated to the estimation of the flood probability
Conocimientos puestos en juego por futuros profesores de matemáticas cuando justifican la selección de tareas
En algunos planes de formación de profesores, el profesor aprende a manejar herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas para elaborar propuestas docentes. En este artículo, identificamos los tres tipos de conocimiento que los futuros profesores que participaron en un plan de formación de ese tipo utilizaron cuando justificaron su propuesta docente: uno relacionado con las herramientas, otro con elementos transversales del plan de formación y un tercer tipo de conocimiento ajeno al plan de formación. Constatamos que el conocimiento relacionado con las herramientas es dominante, se entremezcla con los otros dos tipos de conocimiento y se enuncia de forma ajena a la propia matemática
Argumentos que utilizan los futuros profesores cuando seleccionan tareas matemáticas
En algunos planes de formación de profesores de matemáticas se proporciona al profesor herramientas conceptuales y metodológicas, que llamaremos organizadores del currículo, para que analice y seleccione tareas matemáticas. En este artículo, analizamos los argumentos que emplean futuros profesores en un plan de formación de ese tipo cuando seleccionan tareas. Encontramos que sus argumentos hacen referencia a tres tipos de conocimiento: uno directamente relacionado con los organizadores, otro relacionado con elementos transversales incluidos en el plan de formación y un tercero ajeno al plan. Analizando esta clasificación, encontramos que hay un desarrollo muy desigual de los distintos organizadores, que los argumentos relacionados con los organizadores son dominantes pero se entremezclan con los demás y que, aún cuando se refieren a tareas matemáticas concretas, con frecuencia se enuncian en términos generales ajenos a la tarea analizada
Machine learning quantum field theory with local probes
We propose the use of machine learning techniques to address the problem of
local measurements in quantum field theory. In particular we discuss how neural
networks can efficiently process measurement outcomes from local probes to
determine both local and non-local features of the quantum field. As toy
examples we show: a) how a particle detector distinguishes boundary conditions
imposed on the field without the need of signals propagating from them, and b)
how detectors can determine the temperature of the quantum field without
thermalizing with it. We discuss how the formalism proposed can be used for any
kind of local measurement on a quantum field and, by extension, to local
measurements of non-local features in many-body quantum systems.Comment: 9 pages (4 pages of appendices), 2 Figures, RevTeX 4.
Real Decreto 268/2022, de 12 de abril, por el que se modifica el Real Decreto 190/1996, de 9 de febrero, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento Penitenciario [BOE-A-2022-6046]
[ES]Crónica de legislación. Derecho procesa
Comparison between Snow Albedo Obtained from Landsat TM, ETM+ Imagery and the SPOT VEGETATION Albedo Product in a Mediterranean Mountainous Site
Albedo plays an important role in snow evolution modeling quantifying the amount of solar
radiation absorbed and reflected by the snowpack, especially in mid-latitude regions with semiarid
conditions. Satellite remote sensing is the most extensive technique to determine the variability of
snow albedo over medium to large areas; however, scale effects from the pixel size of the sensor
source may affect the results of snow models, with different impacts depending on the spatial
resolution. This work presents the evaluation of snow albedo values retrieved from (1) Landsat
images, L (16-day frequency with 30 30 m pixel size) and (2) SPOT VEGETATION albedo products,
SV (10-day frequency with 1 1 km pixel size) in the Sierra Nevada mountain range in South Spain, a
Mediterranean site representative of highly heterogeneous conditions. Daily snow albedo map series
were derived from both sources, and used as input for the snow module in the WiMMed (Watershed
Integrated Management in Mediterranean Environment) hydrological model, which was operational
at the study area for snow monitoring for two hydrological years, 2011–2012 and 2012–2013, in
the Guadalfeo river basin in Sierra Nevada. The results showed similar albedo trends in both data
sources, but with different values, the shift between both sources being distributed in space according
to the altitude. This difference resulted in lower snow cover fraction values in the SV-simulations
that affected the rest of snow variables included in the simulation. This underestimation, mainly
due to the effects of mixed pixels composed by both snow and snow-free areas, produced higher
divergences from both sources during the melting periods when the evapo-sublimation and melting
fluxes are more relevant. Therefore, the selection of the albedo data source in these areas, where
snow evapo-sublimation plays a very important role and the presence of snow-free patches is very
frequent, can condition the final accuracy of the simulations of operational models; Landsat is the
recommended source if the monitoring of the snowpack is the final goal of the modeling, whereas
the SV product may be advantageous when water resource planning in the medium and long term
is intended. Applications of large pixel size albedo sources need further assessment for short-term
operational objective
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