Лингвистический анализ юмора в английском языке

This article focuses on humour in form of linguistic analysis, describin

Intraspecific structure of the Coregonus lavaretus complex in water bodies of Siberia: a case of postglacial allopatric origin of Yukagirian whitefish

The results of morphological and genetic analyses of forms/species of the Coregonus lavaretus pidschian (Gmelin, 1789) complex from the Indigirka and Kolyma river basins are presented in the context of there being recent postglacial speciation events. It has been found that the studied whitefishes belong to the sparsely rakered and low lateral-line forms and have previously been described as Coregonus lavaretus pidschian n. jucagiricus Drjagin (Berg), 1932. Based on these characters, this whitefish does not differ from most Arctic whitefish populations (in particular from Coregonus lavaretus glacialis Kirillov, 1972). Analysis of variability of the ND1 gene (mtDNA) showed that whitefishes from the Indigirka and Kolyma basins belong to a distant phylogenetic lineage, which is significantly different from all previously studied whitefish lineages from the Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Anadyr, and Amur river basins. Analysis of variability of the ITS1 fragment (nDNA) showed that all studied forms/species (from Ob River to Amur River basins), including C. l. pidschian n. jucagiricus, have a tandem arrangement of two identical nucleotide fragments and very similar nucleotide composition of the ITS1 region. Based on contemporary data, this phylogenetic lineage of the C. pidschian complex could be considered a young postglacial allopatric species.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Факторы риска и методы прогнозирования клинического исхода COVID-19 (обзор)

Large population studies using statistical analysis and mathematical computer modeling could be an effective tool in studying COVID-19. The use of prognostic scales developed using correlation of changes in clinical and laboratory parameters and morphological data, can help in early prediction of disease progression and identification of patients with high risk of unfavorable outcome.Aim of the review. To assess the risk factors for severe course and unfavorable outcome of COVID-19 and to evaluate the existing tools for predicting the course and outcome of the novel coronavirus infection. PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar were searched for the relevant sources. This review contains information on existing tools for assessing the prognosis and outcome of the disease, along with the brief data on the etiology, pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection and the known epidemiological, clinical and laboratory factors affecting its course.Conclusion. It is essential to develop predictive models tailored to specific settings and capable of continuous monitoring of the situation and making the necessary adjustments. The discovery of new and more sensitive early markers and developing marker-based predictive assessment tools could significantly impact improving the outcomes of COVID-19.Одним из эффективных инструментов изучения COVID-19 является исследование больших популяций пациентов и выделение факторов, влияющих на течение и прогноз, с помощью различных методов статистического анализа и математического компьютерного моделирования. Применение прогностических шкал, разработанных на основании сопоставления динамики клинических и лабораторных показателей с морфологическими данными, может помочь в своевременной оценке возможных вариантов течения заболевания и выделении больных группы высокого риска неблагоприятного исхода.Цель обзора. Оценить факторы риска тяжелого течения и неблагоприятного исхода COVID-19, существующие инструменты прогнозирования течения и исхода новой короновирусной инфекции. Поиск источников осуществляли в базах данных PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar. Данный литературный обзор наряду с краткими данными об этиологии, патогенезе COVID-19 и об известных эпидемиологических, клинических и лабораторных факторах, влияющих на ее течение, содержит информацию о существующих инструментах оценки прогноза течения и исхода заболевания.Заключение. Необходима разработка прогностических моделей, созданных под конкретные условия с возможностью постоянного мониторинга ситуации и внесения корректировок при необходимости. Обнаружение новых более чувствительных на ранних этапах заболевания маркеров и разработка на их основе инструментов оценки прогноза могло бы значительно улучшить исходы COVID-19

The Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) population genetic structure in Russia

The Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo Linneaus, 1758) is a widespread crane species of Eurasia distributed in the steppe and semi-desert zones from southeast Ukraine eastward to Northern China. The Demoiselle crane uses two wintering grounds in Africa and India corresponding to the European and Asian breeding parts of the range subdivided into several spatially separated breeding flocks. The first estimates of the genetic diversity and differentiation have been obtained from five of them: 1) Azov & Black Sea, 2) Caspian, 3) Volga & Ural, 4) South Siberian and 5) Eastern Asian sampled across the total breeding range in Russia using data from 10 microsatellite loci and the 1 003-bp control region of mitochondrial DNA. In total, the Demoiselle crane demonstrates high level of observed (HO = 0.638 ± 0.032) and expected (HE = 0.657 ± 0.023) hete-rozygosity and haplotype diversity (h = 0.960). Genetic dif­ferentiation among populations has shown to be weak for both the microsatellite loci (Wright’s FST = 0.052 or AMOVA estimate 0.016) and mtDNA (FST = 0.040). No evidence of significant population structuring of the Demoiselle crane has been found using the STRUCTURE analysis of multilo­cus microsatellite genotypes and the NETWORK grouping of control region haplotypes. Despite the haplotype diversity was high, the nucleotide diversity of the species was low (0.0033 ± 0.0003). Negative but non-significant Tajima’s and Fu’s tests did not suggest the recent population expansion in the Demoiselle crane evolutionary history which contrasts to other cranes of the Palearctic (the Eurasian crane Grus grus, and the Hooded crane G. monacha). These data indicate more stable conditions for the Demoiselle crane breeding groups in the steppe zone in Pleistocene as compared to boreal and subarctic breeding grounds of other crane species

StopCOVID cohort : An observational study of 3,480 patients admitted to the Sechenov University hospital network in Moscow city for suspected COVID-19 infection

© 2020 Oxford University Press. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Clinical Infectious Diseases following peer review. The version of record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1535.BACKGROUND: The epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in the Russian population are unknown. Information on the differences between laboratory-confirmed and clinically-diagnosed COVID-19 in real-life settings is lacking. METHODS: We extracted data from the medical records of adult patients who were consecutively admitted for suspected COVID-19 infection in Moscow, between April 8 and May 28, 2020. RESULTS: Of the 4261 patients hospitalised for suspected COVID-19, outcomes were available for 3480 patients (median age 56 years (interquartile range 45-66). The commonest comorbidities were hypertension, obesity, chronic cardiac disease and diabetes. Half of the patients (n=1728) had a positive RT-PCR while 1748 were negative on RT-PCR but had clinical symptoms and characteristic CT signs suggestive of COVID-19 infection.No significant differences in frequency of symptoms, laboratory test results and risk factors for in-hospital mortality were found between those exclusively clinically diagnosed or with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR.In a multivariable logistic regression model the following were associated with in-hospital mortality; older age (per 1 year increase) odds ratio [OR] 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 - 1.06); male sex (OR 1.71, 1.24 - 2.37); chronic kidney disease (OR 2.99, 1.89 - 4.64); diabetes (OR 2.1, 1.46 - 2.99); chronic cardiac disease (OR 1.78, 1.24 - 2.57) and dementia (OR 2.73, 1.34 - 5.47). CONCLUSIONS: Age, male sex, and chronic comorbidities were risk factors for in-hospital mortality. The combination of clinical features were sufficient to diagnoseCOVID-19 infection indicating that laboratory testing is not critical in real-life clinical practice.Peer reviewe

Ecological commonalities among pelagic fishes: comparison of freshwater ciscoes and marine herring and sprat

Systematic comparisons of the ecology between functionally similar fish species from freshwater and marine aquatic systems are surprisingly rare. Here, we discuss commonalities and differences in evolutionary history, population genetics, reproduction and life history, ecological interactions, behavioural ecology and physiological ecology of temperate and Arctic freshwater coregonids (vendace and ciscoes, Coregonus spp.) and marine clupeids (herring, Clupea harengus, and sprat, Sprattus sprattus). We further elucidate potential effects of climate warming on these groups of fish based on the ecological features of coregonids and clupeids documented in the previous parts of the review. These freshwater and marine fishes share a surprisingly high number of similarities. Both groups are relatively short-lived, pelagic planktivorous fishes. The genetic differentiation of local populations is weak and seems to be in part correlated to an astonishing variability of spawning times. The discrete thermal window of each species influences habitat use, diel vertical migrations and supposedly also life history variations. Complex life cycles and preference for cool or cold water make all species vulnerable to the effects of global warming. It is suggested that future research on the functional interdependence between spawning time, life history characteristics, thermal windows and genetic differentiation may profit from a systematic comparison of the patterns found in either coregonids or clupeids

Contrasting patterns of spatial genetic differentiation in two east asian five-needle pine species, Pinus koraiensis and P. armandii

Two species of East Asian five-needle pines of the section Strobus, Korean pine, Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Armand's pine, Pinus armandii Franch are traditionally placed in two different subsections, Cembrae and Strobi, respectively.However, data on similarity of these pines in needle anatomy and pollen structure are reported. By means of starch gel electrophoresis we studied allozyme variation within populations of these species and between the two species. Among 30 studied loci we selected 17 polymorphic loci with reliable interpretation of allele correspondencebetween species. Allozyme patterns were similar in both species with respect to number of loci and predominant alleles at most loci. Intra-specific differentiation among 12 populations of Pinus koraiensis from Russia, Northeast China and South Korea was low, FST (proportion of among population variation in total variation) was as low as 0.019, DN (Nei's genetic distance) varied between 0.001 and 0.006. This genetic uniformity can be explained by a common gene pool of this species within virtually continuous range under similar ecological conditions. Common vectors of selection, natural gene flow through pollen and seed dispersal as well as mixing of genetic material between regions by humans (at least in Russian forestry practice) are putative factors responsible for low differentiation in Korean stone pine. We estimated the same parameters in Pinus armandii from continental China (Guizhou, Shaanxi, Shenyan) where its range is highly fragmented, and found differentiation in this species to be much more pronounced (FST = 0.067, DN = 0.011-0.029). By adding a sample from Taiwan both FST (0.338) and DN (up to 0.232) were substantially higher indicating high level of differences between continental and Taiwanese P. armandii, putatively due to longer isolation time. Maximal contribution was fromloci Adh-1, Got-3, Mdh-1, 6-Pgd-3, Pgm-2 and Skdh-2. Differences were mainly caused by allelic frequencies but not by presence/absence of particular alleles, therefore observed allozyme patterns are not evidence for full species' status of Taiwan variety. In the two species, P.koraiensis and P. armandii, electrophoresis showed the same number of activity zones. In a combined set of P. koraiensis and P. armandiisamples, the level of interspecific differences was high (FST =0.477, DN =0.407÷0.457). Species had no common alleles or very little overlapping in allelic profiles at loci Adh-1, Got-2, and Pgm-1. Out of 61 alleles 35 were shared between species and 26 were found in only one of them. Cluster (UPGMA) and multivariate (PCA) analyses of allozyme variation showed good differentiation within P.armandii, and poor differentiation within P. koraiensis