Validation of a recommender system for prompting omitted foods in online dietary assessment surveys

Recall assistance methods are among the key aspects that improve the accuracy of online dietary assessment surveys. These methods still mainly rely on experience of trained interviewers with nutritional background, but data driven approaches could improve cost-efficiency and scalability of automated dietary assessment. We evaluated the effectiveness of a recommender algorithm developed for an online dietary assessment system called Intake24, that automates the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method. The recommender builds a model of eating behavior from recalls collected in past surveys. Based on foods they have already selected, the model is used to remind respondents of associated foods that they may have omitted to report. The performance of prompts generated by the model was compared to that of prompts hand-coded by nutritionists in two dietary studies. The results of our studies demonstrate that the recommender system is able to capture a higher number of foods omitted by respondents of online dietary surveys than prompts hand-coded by nutritionists. However, the considerably lower precision of generated prompts indicates an opportunity for further improvement of the system

Interpreted graph models

A model class called an Interpreted Graph Model (IGM) is defined. This class includes a large number of graph-based models that are used in asynchronous circuit design and other applications of concurrecy. The defining characteristic of this model class is an underlying static graph-like structure where behavioural semantics are attached using additional entities, such as tokens or node/arc states. The similarities in notation and expressive power allow a number of operations on these formalisms, such as visualisation, interactive simulation, serialisation, schematic entry and model conversion to be generalised. A software framework called Workcraft was developed to take advantage of these properties of IGMs. Workcraft provides an environment for rapid prototyping of graph-like models and related tools. It provides a large set of standardised functions that considerably facilitate the task of providing tool support for any IGM. The concept of Interpreted Graph Models is the result of research on methods of application of lower level models, such as Petri nets, as a back-end for simulation and verification of higher level models that are more easily manipulated. The goal is to achieve a high degree of automation of this process. In particular, a method for verification of speed-independence of asynchronous circuits is presented. Using this method, the circuit is specified as a gate netlist and its environment is specified as a Signal Transition Graph. The circuit is then automatically translated into a behaviourally equivalent Petri net model. This model is then composed with the specification of the environment. A number of important properties can be established on this compound model, such as the absence of deadlocks and hazards. If a trace is found that violates the required property, it is automatically interpreted in terms of switching of the gates in the original gate-level circuit specification and may be presented visually to the circuit designer. A similar technique is also used for the verification of a model called Static Data Flow Structure (SDFS). This high level model describes the behaviour of an asynchronous data path. SDFS is particularly interesting because it models complex behaviours such as preemption, early evaluation and speculation. Preemption is a technique which allows to destroy data objects in a computation pipeline if the result of computation is no longer needed, reducing the power consumption. Early evaluation allows a circuit to compute the output using a subset of its inputs and preempting the inputs which are not needed. In speculation, all conflicting branches of computation run concurrently without waiting for the selecting condition; once the selecting condition is computed the unneeded branches are preempted. The automated Petri net based verification technique is especially useful in this case because of the complex nature of these features. As a result of this work, a number of cases are presented where the concept of IGMs and the Workcraft tool were instrumental. These include the design of two different types of arbiter circuits, the design and debugging of the SDFS model, synthesis of asynchronous circuits from the Conditional Partial Order Graph model and the modification of the workflow of Balsa asynchronous circuit synthesis system.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceEPSRCGBUnited Kingdo

THE CERAMIC MODULAR HEAD IMPROVEMENT IN THE DESIGN OF A TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT

For the first time, a design of a modular ceramic ball head of a total hip joint replacement (THR) friction pair has been developed, which has the properties of a metal in conjunction with the stem neck and the properties of a ceramics on bearing surface of the pair. This is achieved by creating a low-cost, low-toxic, durable fixed connection of the head made of alumina or zirconia ceramics and the titanium-based alloy sleeve to obtain a brazed joint that is efficient in human synovial fluid. With the help of finite element analysis, a quantitative assessment of the strength and rigidity of the proposed head design was performed and its use in modern hip arthroplasty was indicated. The approbation of the proposed design solutions for creating a THR ceramic head with a titanium-based alloy sleeve brazed was carried out

Web portal security systems

We regularly hear about websites becoming unavailable due to denial of service attacks, or the display of altered (and often corrupted) information on their pages. In other cases, millions of passwords, email addresses, and credit card details have become public, exposing website users to personal embarrassment or financial risk

Анализ и атрибуция рукописей из библиотеки князей Ромодановских (XVII—XVIII века)

The paper deals with the search and study of the manuscripts from the medieval library of the princes Romodanovsky, preserved in parts in various libraries and archives of Russia. The purpose of this research is to identify and attribute the materials from the collection of the princes Romodanovsky in the holdings of the scientific-research Department of manuscripts of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences (BAN). Russian historians M.E. Bychkova, A.L. Khoroshkevich and Y.V. Ankhimyuk made the assumptions that separate manuscripts (the genealogical book of M.G. Romodanovsky, the historical digest “The book of cases”, etc.) belonged to the library of princes Romodanovsky. However, until now, these sources in historiography were not considered in the complex, and there was no idea about the existence of the significant volume of books of ancestral library. Within the scope of investigation, the author reviewed and analysed the best part of manuscript collections of count M.G. Golovkin, count A.I. Osterman and other courtiers, seized in 1741—1742 in the result of the charges of treason. Based on the materials from the BAN holdings in the St. Petersburg branch of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the author restored the circumstances of transfer of the manuscript books from the Confiscation Commission to the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article describes that the great part of the manuscript collection of M.G. Golovkin library is made up of the medieval library of princes Romodanovsky, got there as a heritage of Ekaterina Ivanovna, the wife of count M.G. Golovkin and daughter of I.F. Romodanovsky. The study of the collections of other convicts showed that the Commission made serious mistakes in the description of the books. As a result, the significant part of the collection of M. Golovkin was attributed to the books of Osterman. Thus, in the scientific-research Department of manuscripts of the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences the author identified and attributed more than 15 manuscripts of 17th — beginning of 18th century, which constituted the core of the ancestral library of princes Romodanovsky. The obtained results demonstrate the manuscript tradition of the ruling elite and its book culture in the new way. The paper used such methods as historical, comparative-historical, prosopographic, as well as a number of methods of auxiliary historical disciplines: source studies, historical bibliography, archival heuristics, archeography, palaeography and codicology.Статья посвящена поиску и изучению рукописных книг из древнерусской библиотеки князей Ромодановских, сохранившейся по частям в различных библиотеках и архивохранилищах России. Цель настоящего исследования — выявление и атрибуция материалов из собрания князей Ромодановских в фондах научно-исследовательского отдела рукописей Библиотеки Российской академии наук (НИОР БАН). Предположения о принадлежности отдельных рукописей (родословная книга М.Г. Ромодановского, исторический сборник «Книга случаев» и др.) этому роду высказывались в научной литературе М.Е. Бычковой, А.Л. Хорошкевич, Ю.В. Анхимюком, однако до сегодняшнего момента эти источники в историографии не рассматривались в комплексе, а также отсутствовало представление о существовании значительной по объему родовой библиотеки. В рамках исследования были просмотрены и проанализированы все рукописи из коллекции графа М.Г. Головкина, графа А.И. Остермана и других придворных лиц, конфискованные в 1741—1742 гг. в результате обвинения в государственной измене. На основании материалов из фонда БАН в Санкт-Петербургском филиале архива Российской академии наук были восстановлены обстоятельства поступления книг из конфискационной комиссии в библиотеку. В результате обнаружено, что большую часть рукописной коллекции М.Г. Головкина составляют книги из библиотеки Ромодановских, попавшие туда благодаря жене графа, Екатерине Ивановне, дочери И.Ф. Ромодановского. Изучение собраний других осужденных показало, что при описании книг в комиссии были допущены серьезные ошибки, в результате которых значительную часть коллекции М.Г. Головкина отнесли к книгам А.И. Остермана. Таким образом, в фондах НИОР БАН выявлено и атрибутировано более 15 рукописей, в XVII — начале XVIII в. составлявших ядро родовой библиотеки князей Ромодановских. Полученные результаты по-новому показывают рукописную традицию правящей элиты, ее книжную культуру. В работе были использованы такие методы, как исторический, сравнительно-исторический, просопографический, а также ряд методов вспомогательных исторических дисциплин: источниковедение, историческая библиография, архивная эвристика, археография, палеография, кодикология

Our Year With the Glass: Expectations, Letdowns and Ethical Dilemmas of Technology Trials With Vulnerable People

In this paper, we reflect upon the ethical dilemmas faced during our research exploring the potential of Google Glass as a self-care technology for people with Parkinson's. Our project involved two stages of research: an initial study that explored the overall acceptability and responses of people with Parkinson's to the technology; and a follow-up study that examined participants' experiences of the technology in more depth through further trials and a series of co-design activities. While our first trials were successful, leading to publication and subsequent local and national publicity, our follow-up trials were hampered by technical problems that were often out of our control. We highlight how participants' heightened expectations prior to the second trial, as a result of public discourse around the project, were difficult to meet. This led to our participants articulating their frustrations, feelings of lowered self-confidence, and in some cases a reduced sense of self-worth. We reflect on how the decisions and actions taken during the project led to these dilemmas, and how these relate to contemporary challenges in human-computer interaction research where there is increased focus on in the wild studies of technology use and a pressure to publicly disseminate the findings of research. In doing so, we offer an open and honest account of how a set of ethical dilemmas emerged while conducting technology field trials with a potentially vulnerable group, and offer guidance to future researchers finding themselves in similar circumstances

«Реестры» книг частных библиотек первой половины XVIII в. из материалов конфискационной комиссии Елизаветы Петровны (1742–1743 гг.)

This article presents a catalogue of books from the private libraries of counts A. I. Osterman, M. G. Golovkin, B.-Ch. Minnich, and baron K. L. Mengden. These books were confiscated after the coup d’état (25 November 1741) as a part of their property and then were transferred to the Library of the Academy of Sciences in accordance with Empress Elizabeth’s order in 1742–43. On 1 December 1741, «The record Commission for Osterman’s and others’ movable property, villages and debt obligations» was established. One of its tasks was to allocate the books to different institutions such as the Collegium of Foreign Affairs and the Library of the Academy of Sciences. The rest of the books were sold. The religious books belonging to A. I. Osterman and M. G. Golovkin were given to the Church of the Resurrection in the grounds of Pokrov Palace in Moscow. DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.1.16В статье публикуется реестр книг из домашних библиотек графов А. И. Остермана, М. Г. Головкина, Б.-Х. Миниха, барона К. Л. Менгдена, переданных в фонды Библиотеки Академии наук в начале — середине 40-х гг. XVIII в. по указу императрицы Елизаветы Петровны. Книжные собрания указанных государственных деятелей были конфискованы вместе с другим имуществом после дворцового переворота 25 ноября 1741 г. Образованная 1 декабря 1741 г. «Комиссия описи пожитков, деревень и разобрания долгов Остермана и протчих» должна была распределить книжные издания и рукописи между учреждениями. Части конфискованных книг поступили в Коллегию иностранных дел и Библиотеку Академии наук, а оставшиеся экземпляры были распроданы. Комплекс церковных книг графов А. И. Остермана и М. Г. Головкина попал на хранение в Воскресенскую церковь Покровского дворца в Москве. DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.1.1

Validity and reliability of an online self-report 24-h dietary recall method (Intake24): a doubly labelled water study and repeated-measures analysis.

Online self-reported 24-h dietary recall systems promise increased feasibility of dietary assessment. Comparison against interviewer-led recalls established their convergent validity; however, reliability and criterion-validity information is lacking. The validity of energy intakes (EI) reported using Intake24, an online 24-h recall system, was assessed against concurrent measurement of total energy expenditure (TEE) using doubly labelled water in ninety-eight UK adults (40-65 years). Accuracy and precision of EI were assessed using correlation and Bland-Altman analysis. Test-retest reliability of energy and nutrient intakes was assessed using data from three further UK studies where participants (11-88 years) completed Intake24 at least four times; reliability was assessed using intra-class correlations (ICC). Compared with TEE, participants under-reported EI by 25 % (95 % limits of agreement -73 % to +68 %) in the first recall, 22 % (-61 % to +41 %) for average of first two, and 25 % (-60 % to +28 %) for first three recalls. Correlations between EI and TEE were 0·31 (first), 0·47 (first two) and 0·39 (first three recalls), respectively. ICC for a single recall was 0·35 for EI and ranged from 0·31 for Fe to 0·43 for non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). Considering pairs of recalls (first two v. third and fourth recalls), ICC was 0·52 for EI and ranged from 0·37 for fat to 0·63 for NMES. EI reported with Intake24 was moderately correlated with objectively measured TEE and underestimated on average to the same extent as seen with interviewer-led 24-h recalls and estimated weight food diaries. Online 24-h recall systems may offer low-cost, low-burden alternatives for collecting dietary information.UK Medical Research Council support is acknowledged by S. B., S. E. H. and K. L. W. (MC UU 12015/3), by F. I. and N. G. F. (MC UU 12015/5), N. W. (MC UU 12015/1) and M. C. V. (MC U105960384). S. B., K. L. W., N. G. F. and N. W. also acknowledge National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215-20014). A. J. A. is funded by NIHR as an NIHR Research Professor and is a member of FUSE. Cost of isotope work was part funded by a grant from MedImmune Ltd to S. B., part funded by Newcastle University. Food Standards Scotland (previously Food Standards Agency Scotland) funded study 1 and study 3 which are included in the reliability analysis

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Early mobilisation in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a subanalysis of the ESICM-initiated UNITE-COVID observational study

Background Early mobilisation (EM) is an intervention that may improve the outcome of critically ill patients. There is limited data on EM in COVID-19 patients and its use during the first pandemic wave. Methods This is a pre-planned subanalysis of the ESICM UNITE-COVID, an international multicenter observational study involving critically ill COVID-19 patients in the ICU between February 15th and May 15th, 2020. We analysed variables associated with the initiation of EM (within 72 h of ICU admission) and explored the impact of EM on mortality, ICU and hospital length of stay, as well as discharge location. Statistical analyses were done using (generalised) linear mixed-effect models and ANOVAs. Results Mobilisation data from 4190 patients from 280 ICUs in 45 countries were analysed. 1114 (26.6%) of these patients received mobilisation within 72 h after ICU admission; 3076 (73.4%) did not. In our analysis of factors associated with EM, mechanical ventilation at admission (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.25, 0.35; p = 0.001), higher age (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98, 1.00; p ≤ 0.001), pre-existing asthma (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.98; p = 0.028), and pre-existing kidney disease (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71, 0.99; p = 0.036) were negatively associated with the initiation of EM. EM was associated with a higher chance of being discharged home (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.08, 1.58; p = 0.007) but was not associated with length of stay in ICU (adj. difference 0.91 days; 95% CI − 0.47, 1.37, p = 0.34) and hospital (adj. difference 1.4 days; 95% CI − 0.62, 2.35, p = 0.24) or mortality (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.7, 1.09, p = 0.24) when adjusted for covariates. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that a quarter of COVID-19 patients received EM. There was no association found between EM in COVID-19 patients' ICU and hospital length of stay or mortality. However, EM in COVID-19 patients was associated with increased odds of being discharged home rather than to a care facility. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04836065 (retrospectively registered April 8th 2021)