L’espace régional de la Mauricie et des Bois-Francs : « Centre » ou « Périphérie »?

We investigated the use of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated in the state of Amazonas, in Brazil, for the biological control of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. From 25 soil samples collected in nine municipalities, 484 bacterial colonies were obtained, 57 (11.78%) of which were identified as B. thuringiensis. Six isolates, IBt-03, IBt-06, IBt-07, IBt-28, IBt-30, and BtAM-27 showed insecticidal activity, and only BtAM-27 presents the five genes investigated cry4Aa, cry4Ba, cry10Aa, cry11Aa, and cry11Ba. The IBt-07 and IBt- 28, with lower LC50 values, showed equal toxicity compared to the standards. The isolates of B. thuringiensis from Amazonas constitute potential new means of biological control for A. aegypti, because of their larvicidal activity and the possibility that they may also contain new combinations of toxins. © 2015 Sociedade Brasileira de Entomologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda

Molecular characterization of the gene profile of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner isolated from Brazilian ecosystems and showing pathogenic activity against mosquito larvae of medical importance

The occurrence of Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefasciatus, and mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles potentiate the spread of several diseases, such as dengue, Zika, chikungunya, urban yellow fever, filariasis, and malaria, a situation currently existing in Brazil and in Latin America. Control of the disease vectors is the most effective tool for containing the transmission of the pathogens causing these diseases, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis has been widely used and has shown efficacy over many years. However, new B. thuringiensis (Bt) strains with different gene combinations should be sought for use as an alternative to Bti and to prevent the resistant insects selected. Aiming to identify diversity in the Bt in different Brazilian ecosystems and to assess the pathogenicity of this bacterium to larvae of Ae. aegypti, C. quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles darlingi, Bt strains were obtained from the Amazon, Caatinga (semi-arid region), and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) biomes and tested in pathogenicity bioassays in third-instar larvae of Ae. aegypti under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The isolates with larvicidal activity to larvae of Ae. aegypti were used in bioassays with the larvae of C. quinquefasciatus and An. darlingi and characterized according to the presence of 14 cry genes (cry1, cry2, cry4, cry10, cry11, cry24, cry32, cry44Aa, cry1Ab, cry4Aa, cry4Ba, cry10Aa, cry11Aa, and cry11Ba), six cyt genes (cyt1, cyt2, cyt1Aa, cyt1Ab, cyt2Aa and cyt2Ba), and the chi gene. Four hundred strains of Bt were isolated: 244 from insects, 85 from Amazon soil, and 71 from the Caatinga biome. These strains, in addition to the 153 strains isolated from Cerrado soil and obtained from the Entomopathogenic Bacillus Bank of Maranhão, were tested in bioassays with Ae. aegypti larvae. A total of 37 (6.7%) strains showed larvicidal activity, with positive amplification of the cry, cyt, and chi genes. The most frequently amplified genes were cry4Aa and cry4Ba, both occurring in 59.4% in these strains, followed by cyt1Aa and cyt2Aa, with 56.7% and 48% occurrence, respectively. Twelve (2.2%) strains that presented 100% mortality within 24 h were used in bioassays to estimate the median lethal concentration (LC50) for Ae. aegypti larvae. Two strains (BtMA-690 and BtMA-1114) showed toxicity equal to that of the Bti standard strain, and the same LC50 value (0.003 mg/L) was recorded for the three bacteria after 48 h of exposure. Detection of the presence of the Bt strains that showed pathogenicity for mosquito larvae in the three biomes studied was possible. Therefore, these strains are promising for the control of insect vectors, particularly the BtMA-1114 strain, which presents a gene profile different from that of Bti but with the same toxic effect. © 2017 Elsevier B.V

Bacillus thuringiensis berliner research applied for the control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith).

A partir de 24 amostras de solos foram isoladas 461 colônias bacterianas, sendo que destas 190 foram identificadas como Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). A relação entre as características químicas das amostras de solos e a presença do patógeno pode ser expressa por iBt = -0,4 + 0,6Ca + 0,07Cu + 0,009Fe - 0,53Mg -0,12Mn + 1,26Zn. Dentre os 83 isolados de Bt testados para o controle de Spodoptera frugiperda, o ESALQ 3.7 mostrou-se mais promissor para o controle desta praga, causando 86,6% de mortalidade em lagartas provenientes da população de São Paulo, com uma CL50 estimada de 0,749 x 108 esporos/mL. Esse isolado possui as toxinas Cry1Ac, Cry1C e Cry1E que justificam sua eficiência para S. frugiperda. Toxinas da classe Cry1 foram encontradas em 72% dos isolados testados contra este inseto. Foram observadas diferenças na suscetibilidade entre as três populações (São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul) da lagarta-do-cartucho do milho para 49,4% dos isolados testados e na população de São Paulo, alguns isolados afetaram os parâmetros biológicos das lagartas sobreviventes aos tratamentos. A persistência do Dipel foi superior às outras formulações de Bt, até 27 horas depois da aplicação dos tratamentos (65.772 esporos/mL), porém sua meia vida (p = 17,54 horas) foi inferior ao Ecotech e Bac-Control. O estudo da persistência do isolado ESALQ 3.7 foi prejudicado por fatores bióticos e abióticos tanto em campo como em casa-de-vegetação, que comprometeram a validação dos resultados. Não foi verificada diferença estatística significativa nas notas da escala de dano causado pela lagarta-do-cartucho na testemunha e o tratamento com o isolado ESALQ 3.7. Nos estudos de interação com outros entomopatógenos observou-se que entre Bt e Heterorhabditis sp. ocorreu interação positiva, variando de efeito aditivo a sinergismo subaditivo, de acordo com a concentração do nematóide. Entre Bt e os fungos entomopatogênicos Beauveria bassiana e Nomuraea rileyi foi verificada interação negativa (antagonismo) e entre um vírus de poliedrose nuclear e Bt a interação foi negativa e positiva (efeito aditivo), dependendo da concentração do vírus.From 24 soil samples about 461 bacterial colonies have been isolated, and 190 were identified as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The relation between soil chemical characteristics and the presence of this pathogen may be expressed by the equation iBt = -0,4 + 0,6Ca + 0,07Cu + 0,009Fe - 0,53Mg -0,12Mn + 1,26Zn. Among 83 Bt isolates assayed against Spodoptera frugiperda, the ESALQ 3.7 was the most effective to control this pest, causing 86.6% of mortality to São Paulo larvae, with an estimated LC 50 of 0.749 x 108 spores/mL. This isolate has the toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1C e Cry1E that justify its efficiency against S. frugiperda. The Cry1 toxins were found in 72% of isolates assayed for this pest. There have been observed differences in the susceptibility among three fall armyworm populations (São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Rio Grande do Sul) to 49.4% of the assayed isolates, and some of them affected the biological parameters of the São Paulo larvae. The Dipel persistence was higher than the others Bt based products, until 27 hours after application (65.772 spores/mL), but its half life (p = 17.54 hours) was lower than Ecothech and Bac-Control. The study of ESALQ 3.7 persistence was prejudiced by biotic and abiotic factors in field condition and at the greenhouse conditions, that consequently constrained the data validation. About the isolate ESALQ 3.7 efficiency in the field, there was no statistical differences in the damage caused by fall armyworm in the control and treatment. In the interaction studies with other entomopathogens, it was observed a positive interaction between Bt and Heterorhabditis sp. This interaction varied from na additive effect to a subadditive sinergism, according to nematode concentration. Between Bt and entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana e Nomuraea rileyi it was observed a negative interaction (antagonism). Also, the interaction between a poliedrosis nuclear vírus and Bt varied according to the virus concentration

Ocorrência de parasitóides associados à broca do café no Sul do Espírito Santo-Brasil

The objective of this work was to verify the occurrence of parasitoids insects, of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in plantings of coffee in the South of Espírito Santo State. The found parasitoids were Prorops nasuta (Hym.: Bethilidae) and Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hym.: Bethilidae), with levels of parasitism of up to 33%. These natural enemies’ presence suggests a potential of natural regulation of H. hampei, and perspectives for its use in programs of Integrated Pest Management.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a ocorrência de insetos parasitóides, da broca-do-café, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) em plantios de café no Sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Os parasitóides encontrados foram Prorops nasuta (Hym.: Bethilidae) e Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hym.: Bethilidae), com níveis de parasitismo de até 33%. A presença destes inimigos naturais sugere um potencial de regulação natural de H. hampei, e perspectivas para utilização em programas de Manejo Integrado de Pragas

Increasing ecological heterogeneity can constrain biopesticide resistance evolution

Microbial biopesticides containing living parasites are valuable emerging crop protection technologies against insect pests, but they are vulnerable to resistance evolution. Fortunately, the fitness of alleles that provide resistance, including to parasites used in biopesticides, frequently depends on parasite identity and environmental conditions. This context-specificity suggests a sustainable approach to biopesticide resistance management through landscape diversification. To mitigate resistance risks, we advocate increasing the range of biopesticides available to farmers, whilst simultaneously encouraging other aspects of landscape-wide crop heterogeneity that can generate variable selection on resistance alleles. This approach requires agricultural stakeholders to prioritize diversity as well as efficiency, both within agricultural landscapes and the biocontrol marketplace.Output Type: Opinion Output Status: Forthcoming/Available Onlin

Increasing ecological heterogeneity can constrain biopesticide resistance evolution

Microbial biopesticides containing living parasites are valuable emerging crop protection technologies against insect pests, but they are vulnerable to resistance evolution. Fortunately, the fitness of alleles that provide resistance, including to parasites used in biopesticides, frequently depends on parasite identity and environmental conditions. This context-specificity suggests a sustainable approach to biopesticide resistance management through landscape diversification. To mitigate resistance risks, we advocate increasing the range of biopesticides available to farmers, whilst simultaneously encouraging other aspects of landscape-wide crop heterogeneity that can generate variable selection on resistance alleles. This approach requires agricultural stakeholders to prioritize diversity as well as efficiency, both within agricultural landscapes and the biocontrol marketplace

Ocorrência de Trichospilus diatraeae (Hym.: Eulophidae) em broca-das-cucurbitáceas, no Brasil

Este trabalho tem como objetivo registrar a primeira ocorrência, no Brasil, do parasitóide de pupas Trichospilus diatraeae (Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) na broca-das-cucurbitáceas, Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). A espécie T. diatraeae já foi relatada no Brasil em pragas da gravioleira no Distrito Federal e eucalipto nos estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. No sistema produtivo da abóbora D. hyalinata é reconhecidamente uma praga importante por causar sérios prejuízos em função das injúrias provocadas em diferentes partes da planta. A ocorrência do parasitóide foi registrada em pupas coletadas no campo, localizado no campus experimental do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), no município de Alegre-ES.This study aims to record the first occurrence in Brazil of the parasitoid pupae Trichospilus diatraeae (Cherian & Margabandhu, 1942) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) on the melonworm, Diaphania hyalinata (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The specie T. diatraeae has been reported in pests of the soursop in the Distrito Federal, Brazil and eucalyptus in the Brazilian States of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. In the production system of pumpkin D. hyalinata is recognized as a significant pest which causes serious losses as a result of injuries caused in different parts of the plant. The occurrence of the parasitoid was recorded in pupae collected in the field, located on the campus of the Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Alegre Espirito Santo State, Brazil

Parâmetros biológicos e tabela de vida de Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) em cultivares de mamão

Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o desenvolvimento e reprodução de Tetranychus urticae em cultivares comerciais de mamão Carica papaya. Foram utilizadas cultivares do grupo Formosa (Tainung 01 e Calimosa) e do grupo Solo (Golden e Sunrise). Para iniciar o bioensaio, foi transferida uma fêmea fertilizada por disco de folha (n=50 repetições) e retirado após um período de 12h, sendo avaliada a cada 12h, registrando-se o período de incubação, duração do estágio de imaturo, longevidade e fecundidade dos adultos e viabilidade desses estágios. Os resultados indicaram que as cultivares de mamão Tainung 01, Calimosa, Sunrise e Golden são bons hospedeiros para T. urticae. O parâmetro viabilidade não sofreu influência das cultivares em todas as fases de desenvolvimento avaliadas, apresentando valores superiores a 90%. Não houve diferença estatística entre as cultivares nos parâmetros: período de pre-oviposição e viabilidade dos ovos. A cultivar Tainung 01 apresentou menor potencial hospedeiro, embora houvesse menor duração nos estágios de ovo, larva, protoninfa e ovo-adulto. Nos parâmetros de tabela de vida e fertilidade, apresentou menores valores de Ro, r m e λ e maior valor de Td. Entre as cultivares, o Sunrise apresentou um elevado potencial hospedeiro para T. urticae, pois essa cultivar proporcionou a maior produção de ovos por fêmea, maior longevidade das fêmeas, bem como a maior taxa de reprodução (maior Ro, r m e λ e menor valor de Td).The study was conducted to evaluate the Tetranichus urticae development and reproduction in commercial Carica papaya cultivars. The assayed cultivars belongs to the Formosa (Tainung 01 and Calimosa) and from the Solo (Golden and Sunrise) groups. A fertilized female was transferred to a leaf dish (n=50 repetitions) and was removed after a period of 12 hours and evaluations were done every 12 hours recording the incubation period, length of immature stage, longevity and fecundity of adults and viability of these stages. The cultivars of papaya, Tainung 01, Calimosa, Sunrise and Golden are adequate hosts for T. urticae. The recorded viability above 90% was not influenced by the different cultivars during all the development phases. There was not statistic difference among the cultivars in the parameters: pre-ovopositional period, and egg viability. Mites assayed in Tainung 01 cultivar showed a shorter duration of the egg, larva, protonymph and egg-adult. At life table parameters and fertility, presented smaller Ro, r m and λ, and larger Td. Sunrise is the cultivar most adequate for T. urticae development, considering that mites assayed in this cultivar showed a larger production of eggs per female, longer female longevity, and higher reproduction rate (larger Ro, r m and λ and smaller Td)