Methane sources in gas hydrate-bearing cold-seeps : evidence from radiocarbon and stable isotopes

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Chemistry 115 (2009): 102-109, doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2009.07.001.Fossil methane from the large and dynamic marine gas hydrate reservoir has the potential to influence oceanic and atmospheric carbon pools. However, natural radiocarbon (14C) measurements of gas hydrate methane have been extremely limited, and their use as a source and process indicator has not yet been systematically established. In this study, gas hydrate-bound and dissolved methane recovered from six geologically and geographically distinct high-gas-flux cold seeps was found to be 98 to 100% fossil based on its 14C content. Given this prevalence of fossil methane and the small contribution of gas hydrate (≤1%) to the present-day atmospheric methane flux, non-fossil contributions of gas hydrate methane to the atmosphere are not likely to be quantitatively significant. This conclusion is consistent with contemporary atmospheric methane budget calculations. In combination with δ13C- and δD-methane measurements, we also determine the extent to which the low, but detectable, amounts of 14C (~ 1-2 percent modern carbon, pMC) in methane from two cold seeps might reflect in situ production from near-seafloor sediment organic carbon (SOC). A 14C mass balance approach using fossil methane and 14C-enriched SOC suggests that as much as 8 to 29% of hydrate-associated methane carbon may originate from SOC contained within the upper 6 meters of sediment. These findings validate the assumption of a predominantly fossil carbon source for marine gas hydrate, but also indicate that structural gas hydrate from at least certain cold seeps contains a component of methane produced during decomposition of non-fossil organic matter in near-surface sediment.This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research and Naval Research Laboratory (NRL). Partial support was also provided by the USGS Mendenhall Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program to JWP, and NSF Chemical Oceanography (OCE-0327423) and Integrated Carbon Cycle Research (EAR- 0403949) program support to JEB

Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.46 ppm

We present the first results of the Fermilab Muon g-2 Experiment for the positive muon magnetic anomaly $a_\mu \equiv (g_\mu-2)/2$. The anomaly is determined from the precision measurements of two angular frequencies. Intensity variation of high-energy positrons from muon decays directly encodes the difference frequency $\omega_a$ between the spin-precession and cyclotron frequencies for polarized muons in a magnetic storage ring. The storage ring magnetic field is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance probes calibrated in terms of the equivalent proton spin precession frequency ${\tilde{\omega}'^{}_p}$ in a spherical water sample at 34.7$^{\circ}$C. The ratio $\omega_a / {\tilde{\omega}'^{}_p}$, together with known fundamental constants, determines $a_\mu({\rm FNAL}) = 116\,592\,040(54)\times 10^{-11}$ (0.46\,ppm). The result is 3.3 standard deviations greater than the standard model prediction and is in excellent agreement with the previous Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) E821 measurement. After combination with previous measurements of both $\mu^+$ and $\mu^-$, the new experimental average of $a_\mu({\rm Exp}) = 116\,592\,061(41)\times 10^{-11}$ (0.35\,ppm) increases the tension between experiment and theory to 4.2 standard deviationsComment: 10 pages; 4 figure

Resíduos de plantas de cobertura e mobilidade dos produtos da dissolução do calcário aplicado na superfície do solo Cover plant residues and mobility of dissolution products of surface applied lime

As plantas de cobertura têm recebido atenção adicional em função da liberação de ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular capazes de formar complexos orgânicos com alumínio, cálcio e magnésio. Dessa forma, além de neutralizarem o alumínio tóxico, esses ácidos podem aumentar a mobilidade, no perfil do solo, dos produtos originados da dissolução do calcário aplicado na superfície. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram (a) identificar os ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular presentes nos resíduos de plantas de cobertura e na solução do solo; (b) avaliar o efeito desses resíduos, juntamente com a aplicação superficial de calcário, na correção da acidez das camadas subsuperficiais do solo no sistema plantio direto, e (c) verificar a relação dos ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular, liberados na decomposição de resíduos vegetais, com os efeitos, na profundidade do solo, da aplicação superficial de calcário. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação em colunas de PVC com amostras indeformadas de um Cambissolo Húmico Alumínico Léptico argiloso há cinco anos no sistema plantio direto. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de resíduos (10 Mg ha-1) de aveia preta (1), ervilhaca (2) e nabo forrageiro (3), calcário (13 Mg ha-1) (4), calcário mais resíduo de aveia preta (5), de ervilhaca (6) e de nabo forrageiro (7) calcário mais ácido cítrico (0,91 Mg ha-1) (8) e uma testemunha (9), dispostos em blocos ao acaso. O uso da cromatografia líquida permitiu identificar os ácidos orgânicos de baixo peso molecular nos resíduos vegetais utilizados. Na aveia preta, houve predomínio do ácido transaconítico, na ervilhaca predominou o ácido málico e no nabo forrageiro os ácidos cítrico e málico. Não foi possível detectar nenhum tipo de ácido orgânico de baixo peso molecular tanto na solução percolada como na solução do solo. Os resíduos vegetais não tiveram efeito na correção da acidez do solo em profundidade. Seus efeitos restringiram-se na camada de 0-2,5 cm, tanto isoladamente como junto com o calcário.<br>Cover plants have received extra attention due to their release of low molecular weight organic acids that form organic complexes with aluminum, calcium and magnesium. Besides neutralizing toxic aluminum, such compounds can increase the mobility in the soil profile of the dissolution products of lime applied on the soil surface. Objectives of this research were (a) to identify the low molecular weight organic acids found in different cover plant species and in soil solution, (b) to evaluate the effects of the residues, alone or together with surface lime application, in relation to acidity neutralization of subsoil layers in no-tillage systems, and (c) to verify the relation between organic acids of low molecular weight, released during the decomposition of plant residues, with the effect on soil acidity properties in the soil profile due to surface lime application. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in undisturbed Inceptisol (Haplumbrept) soil samples in columns, collected in a field experiment under no-tillage for five years. Nine treatments were applied: residue (10 Mg ha-1) of black oat (1), common vetch (2), oil seed radish (3), lime (13 Mg ha-1) (4), lime plus residue of black oat (5), of common vetch (6), of oil seed radish (7), and lime plus citric acid (0.91 Mg ha-1), (8) and no treatment (9), arranged in randomized blocks. The liquid chromatography method (HPLC) allowed an identification of the main low molecular weight organic acids in the plant residues. Trans-aconitic acid was the most important in black oat, malic acid in common vetch, and citric and malic acids in oil seed radish. It was not possible to detect organic acids in the percolate or soil solution. Plant residues had no effect on acidity neutralization in the deeper soil since the effects, alone or with lime application on the soil surface, were restricted to the soil surface layer (0-2.5 cm)

Detailed Report on the Measurement of the Positive Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment to 0.20 ppm

We present details on a new measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly, $a_\mu = (g_\mu -2)/2$. The result is based on positive muon data taken at Fermilab's Muon Campus during the 2019 and 2020 accelerator runs. The measurement uses $3.1$ GeV$/c$ polarized muons stored in a $7.1$-m-radius storage ring with a $1.45$ T uniform magnetic field. The value of $a_{\mu}$ is determined from the measured difference between the muon spin precession frequency and its cyclotron frequency. This difference is normalized to the strength of the magnetic field, measured using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The ratio is then corrected for small contributions from beam motion, beam dispersion, and transient magnetic fields. We measure $a_\mu = 116 592 057 (25) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.21 ppm). This is the world's most precise measurement of this quantity and represents a factor of $2.2$ improvement over our previous result based on the 2018 dataset. In combination, the two datasets yield $a_\mu(\text{FNAL}) = 116 592 055 (24) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.20 ppm). Combining this with the measurements from Brookhaven National Laboratory for both positive and negative muons, the new world average is $a_\mu$(exp) $= 116 592 059 (22) \times 10^{-11}$ (0.19 ppm)