Cosmology and Cartography

This paper describes early cartographers' concepts of the world and its polar regions. Some comments on the relationships of astronomy to cartography are made (inclusion of Ptolemaic thought) and of the importance of technical method in cartography. Most of the paper is devoted to a description of medieval cartography and cosmology

Catechol-Modified Activated Carbon Prepared by the Diazonium Chemistry for Application as Active Electrode Material in Electrochemical Capacitor

Activated carbon (Black Pearls 2000) modified with electroactive catechol groups was evaluated for charge storage application as active composite electrode material in an aqueous electrochemical capacitor. High surface area Black Pearls 2000 carbon, was functionalized by introduction of catechol groups by spontaneous reduction of catechol diazonium ions in situ prepared in aqueous solution from the corresponding amine. Change in the specific surface area and pore texture of the carbon following grafting was monitored by nitrogen gas adsorption measurements. The electrochemical properties and the chemical composition of the catechol-modified carbon electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Such carbon-modified electrode combines well the faradaic capacitance, originating from the redox activity of the surface immobilized catechol groups, to the electrochemical double layer capacitance of the high surface area Black Pearls carbon. Due to the faradaic contribution, the catechol-modified electrode exhibits a higher specific capacitance (250 F/g) than pristine Carbon (150 F/g) over a potential range of -0.4 to 0.75 V in 1 M H2SO4. The stability of the modified electrode evaluated by long-time 1 charge/discharge cycling revealed a low decrease of the capacitance of the catechol-modified carbon due to the loss of the 1 catechol redox activity. Nonetheless, it was demonstrated that the benefit of redox groups persists for 10 000 constant current charge/discharge cycles

Langues sub-étatiques et principes du droit : la dialectique de l’épreuve réciproque

La pluralité de l’expression idiomatique intra-nationale a été appréhendée diversement par les droits nationaux et international. Cette circonstance a partiellement expliqué le caractère tardif de la définition des langues infra-étatiques. Selon la Charte européenne sur les langues régionales ou minoritaires (ci-après la Charte) du 5 novembre 1992, “ pratiquées traditionnellement sur un territoire d’un Etat ” par ses ressortissants constituant “ un groupe numériquement inférieur au reste de l..

Ralph B. Stine and Margaret E. Stine v. Henry Girola and Diane Girola and State Underwriters, Inc. : Petition for Rehearing

In this paper we present a Remote Control Unit (RCU) that can be attached to any location on a rifle, binoculars, etc., and be operated by a single finger of a soldier without removing his hand from the device. Even for a gloved hand a haptic feedback from the RCU will be realized. A RCU prototype, equipped with a single button, is used as a remote Push-to-Talk (PTT) device for the radio being carried by the soldier. The RCU is powered by the radio waves emitted by this radio. The RCU - being attached to the device - works with a receive unit (RXU) that is attached to and operates the radio. The RCU consists of a RF harvester, energy storage device, a button and a transmitter. Laboratory prototypes are demonstrated

Impedance spectroscopy study of a catechol-modified activated carbon electrode as active material in electrochemical capacitor

Modified activated carbon (Norit S-50) electrodes with electrochemical double layer (EDL) capacitance and redox capacitance contributions to the electric charge storage were tested in 1 M H2SO4 to quantify the benefit and the limitation of the surface redox reactions on the electrochemical performances of the resulting pseudo-capacitive materials. The electrochemical performances of an electrochemically anodized carbon electrode and a catechol-modified carbon electrode, which make use both EDL capacitance of the porous structure of the carbon and redox capacitance, were compared to the performances obtained for the pristine carbon. Nitrogen gas adsorption measurements have been used for studying the impact of the grafting on the BET surface area, pore size distribution, pore volume and average pore diameter. The electrochemical behavior of carbon materials was studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The EIS data were discussed by using a complex capacitance model that allows defining the characteristic time constant, the global capacitance and the frequency at which the maximum charge stored is reached. The EIS measurements were achieved at different dc potential values where a redox activity occurs and the evolution of the capacitance and the capacitive relaxation time with the electrode potential are presented. Realistic galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements performed at different current rates corroborate the results obtained by impedance

Aspects Épidémiologiques, Cliniques et Thérapeutiques des Tumeurs de la Parotide

Introduction: Les pathologies des glandes salivaires sont relativement rares, dominées par les tumeurs de la glande parotide. Elles sont caractérisées par leur polymorphisme clinique et leur grande diversité morpho-histologique. Le traitement est surtout chirurgical, la complication majeure de cette chirurgie reste la paralysie faciale pouvant être transitoire ou permanente. Dans ce sens, l’objectif de ce travail était de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, cliniques, paracliniques et thérapeutiques des tumeurs parotidiennes rencontrées dans le service de l’odontostomatologie de l’Hôpital National de Niamey (HNN) durant la période de l’étude. Méthodologie: Il s’agissait d’une étude rétrospective et descriptive portant sur les tumeurs parotidiennes rencontrées au service d’odontostomatologie de l’Hôpital National de Niamey au Niger. Par ailleurs, la tumeur était homogène dans 2 cas sur 4 et bénigne également une fois sur 2. Résultats: 12 patients ont été colligés sur une période de 29 mois. La prévalence hospitalière était de 0,11% avec 4,97 cas par an. La tranche d’âge allait de 9 à 75 ans. Il y avait 8 hommes contre 4 femmes. La malignité a été suspectée cliniquement devant une masse dure, fixe, douloureuse avec présence d’adénopathies satellites et associée à une paralysie faciale. La parotidectomie totale conservatrice du nerf facial a été réalisée chez 10 patients sur 12 et la chimiothérapie a été préconisée chez 2 patients. L’examen ophtalmologique a été réalisé chez tous les patients à la recherche d’une atteinte oculaire ou de la glande lacrymale. L’histologie a été contributive dans tous les cas et les tumeurs bénignes dominaient dans 50% des cas avec comme chef de fil l’adénome pléomorphe. Conclusion: Les tumeurs de la glande parotide sont rares et leur prise en charge thérapeutique est essentiellement chirurgicale. Leur évolution est en général favorable. Néanmoins, l’accent devra être mis sur la surveillance à long terme de certaines formes histologiques dont le risque de dégénérescence et de récidive est élevé.  Introduction: Pathologies of the salivary glands are relatively rare and are dominated by tumors of the parotid gland. They are characterized by their clinical polymorphism and their great morpho-histological diversity. The treatment is mainly surgical. The major complication of this surgery is facial paralysis which can be transient or permanent. The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic aspects of parotid tumors encountered in the odontostomatology department of Niamey National Hospital during the study period. Methodology: This study is a retrospective and descriptive study on parotid tumors encountered in the odontostomatology department of the Niamey National Hospital in Niger. In addition, the tumor was homogeneous in 2 out of 4 cases and also benign once in 2. Results: 12 patients were collected over a period of 29 months. The hospital prevalence was 0.11% with 4.97 cases per year. The age range was from 9 to 75 years old. There were 8 men against 4 women. The malignancy was suspected clinically before a hard, fixed, and painful mass with the presence of satellite lymphadenopathy which is associated with facial paralysis. Total conservative facial nerve parotidectomy was performed in 10 out of 12 patients, and chemotherapy was recommended in 2 patients. The ophthalmic examination was performed in all patients looking for damage to the eyes or the lacrimal gland. Histology was contributory in all cases and benign tumors dominated in 50% of cases with pleomorphic adenoma as the lead. Conclusion: Tumors of the parotid gland are rare and their therapeutic management is essentially surgical. Their development is generally favorable. However, emphasis should be placed on the long-term monitoring of certain histological forms for which the risk of degeneration and recurrence is high.&nbsp

Adénome Pléomorphe Géant à Localisation Submandibulaire: À Propos d’un Cas

Introduction: The pleomorphic adenoma is a benign tumor of the salivary glands. Its extra parotid locations are rare. The aim of this study is to describe the particular management of the pleomorphic adenoma in its unusual location. Observation: This patient was a 35 - year - old patient referred from Zinder Hospital for the management of tumefaction in the mandibular region that had been undergoing surgery for 10 years. The clinical and paraclinical examinations led to the conclusion of a pleomorphic adenoma of the submandibular gland, by imaging and confirmed by the anatomo-pathological examination of the surgical specimen, which measured 15x12x8cm following submandibulectomy with complete tumor resection. The follow-up was simple and no recurrence or malignant transformation was reported after a mean follow-up of one year. Conclusion: The extra-parotid localization of the pleomorphic adenoma is dominated by the submandibular gland. This localization stands out in its clinical and therapeutic peculiarities. Introduction: L’adénome pléomorphe est une tumeur bénigne des glandes salivaires. Ses localisations extra parotidiennes sont rares. L’objectif de ce travail est de décrire la prise en charge particulière de l’adénome pléomorphe dans sa localisation inhabituelle. Observation: Ils’agissait d’un patient de 35 ans, référé de l’Hôpital National de Zinder pour la prise en charge d’une tumeur de la région mandibulaire évoluant depuis 10 ans. Les examens cliniques et paracliniques avaient permis de conclure à un adénome pléomorphe de la glande submandibulaire, par l’imagerie et confirmé par l’examen anatomo-pathologique de la pièce opératoire qui mesurait 15x12x 8cm suite à la submandibulectomie avec résection tumorale complète. Les suites opératoires étaient simples et aucune récidive ni transformation maligne n’a été rapportée après un recul d’un an. Conclusion: La localisation extra-parotidienne de l’adénome pléomorphe est dominée par la glande submandibulaire. Cette localisation se distingue dans ses particularités cliniques et thérapeutiques

“One guy goes to jail, two people are ready to take his spot”: Perspectives on drug-induced homicide laws among incarcerated individuals

Background: As overdose deaths have increased in the United States, some lawmakers have explored punitive, “supply-side” interventions aimed at reducing the supply of fentanyl. While a rationale of seeking to protect people who use drugs is often given to justify harsh sentences for fentanyl distribution, there is no research to our knowledge on perceptions of the effect of drug-induced homicide laws among people who use drugs. Methods: We conducted semi-structured, qualitative interviews with 40 people with opioid use disorder (OUD)who were enrolled in a medication for addiction treatment (MAT)program in a unified jail and prison system in Rhode Island on attitudes surrounding increased sentences for distribution of fentanyl, including recently enacted drug-induced homicide laws. Codes were developed using a generalized, inductive method and interviews analyzed in NVivo 12 after being coded by two coders. Results: Most participants stated that drug-induced homicide laws would not be an effective strategy to stem the overdose crisis. We identified key themes, including discussions surrounding the autonomy of people who use drugs, widespread fentanyl prevalence as a barrier to implementation of drug-induced homicide laws, discussions of mass incarceration as ineffective for addressing substance use disorders, feelings that further criminalization could lead to violence, criminalization as a justification for interpersonal loss, and intention as meaningful to categorizing an act as homicide. Conclusions: Findings highlight the importance of centering the experiences of people with OUD in creating policies surrounding the overdose epidemic, potential unintended health consequences of drug-induced homicides laws such as deterrence from calling 911 and increased violence, and how drug-induced homicide laws may undermine advances made in expanding access to OUD treatment for people who are criminal justice-involved