The shock-acoustic waves generated by earthquakes

We investigate the form and dynamics of shock-acoustic waves generated by earthquakes. We use the method for detecting and locating the sources of ionospheric impulsive disturbances, based on using data from a global network of receivers of the GPS navigation system and requiring no a priori information about the place and time of associated effects. The practical implementation of the method is illustrated by a case study of earthquake effects in Turkey (August 17, and November 12, 1999), in Southern Sumatera (June 4, 2000), and off the coast of Central America (January 13, 2001). It was found that in all instances the time period of the ionospheric response is 180-390 s, and the amplitude exceeds by a factor of two as a minimum the standard deviation of background fluctuations in total electron content in this range of periods under quiet and moderate geomagnetic conditions. The elevation of the wave vector varies through a range of 20-44 degree, and the phase velocity (1100-1300 m/s) approaches the sound velocity at the heights of the ionospheric F-region maximum. The calculated (by neglecting refraction corrections) location of the source roughly corresponds to the earthquake epicenter. Our data are consistent with the present views that shock-acoustic waves are caused by a piston-like movement of the Earth surface in the zone of an earthquake epicenter.Comment: EmTeX-386, 30 pages, 4 figures, 3 tabl

Overview of V.A. Plotnikov’s research on averaging of differential inclusions

In this review, we will first look in detail at Plotnikov’s results on the substantiation of full and partial schemes of averaging of differential inclusions of the standard form on finite and infinite intervals. Then we will consider the algorithms where it is not possible to find the average, but there is a possibility to find its estimation from below and from above. Such an approach is also used when the average can be found only approximately. This situation is common for differential inclusions with fast and slow variables. In the end, we will present the results on the substantiation of the full and partial averaging methods for impulsive differential inclusions on finite and infinite intervals

Development of Internal Control System in the Modern Companies: Theoretical Approaches and Suggestions for Improvement

Complication of a competitive situation forces the modern companies to pay special attention to the organization of management. Most it belongs to the companies, which conduct economic activity in the cross border mode, for example to the companies of the oil and gas sector. One of ways of increase in efficiency of management is development of such element as a subsystem of internal control. The research objective consists in the analysis of conditions and prerequisites of the organization of internal control in the company and development of recommendations about its implementation. Research problems are assessment of the importance of internal control for effective management of the companies; identification of conditions and restrictions of development of internal control systems of the Russian companies; the analysis of advantages of use of internal control system in the company; justification of recommendations about development of internal control system. Because of the conducted research, it is revealed that influence formation of internal control systems of the modern Russian companies as factors of national and international property. At the same time complication of a political and economic situation in the world and aggravation of sanctions and information confrontation between the countries of the world results in need of account for the organization of systems of management in general and subsystems of internal control in particular of the international requirements. Recommendations about development of internal control systems of the Russian organizations based on the Concept of COSO are presented in the article. Practical use of results of the conducted research is possible in the systems of management of the Russian companies including relating to the oil and gas sector

Enhancement of construction of water chambers of network water heaters of steam turbine for combined heat and energy production

The report explores the possibility of using partitions of network heater chambers as anchor ties and examples of their design are presented. The results of calculations of such chambers are presented. Based on the results of these calculations, it is concluded that using the anchor partitions makes it possible to significantly reduce bending stresses in the bottom and tube plate, reduce the load on the flange connection, use a flat bottom instead of the elliptical one, significantly reduce the longitudinal stresses in the tubes, which increases the life of the most damageable heater element.В докладе рассматривается возможность использования перегородок водяных камер сетевых подогревателей в качестве анкерных связей и примеры их конструктивного исполнения. Приводятся результаты расчетов таких камер. По результатам этих расчетов сделаны выводы, что использование анкерных перегородок позволяет существенно уменьшить изгибные напряжения в днище и трубной доске, уменьшить нагрузку на фланцевое соединение, вместо эллиптического днища использовать плоское, существенно уменьшить продольные напряжения в трубках, что повышает ресурс самого повреждаемого элемента подогревателя

Choice of parameters and stability of nonlinear vibration isolation device

Work of active vibration isolation devices with single-mass electromagnetic suspension taking into account of real characteristics of the voltage regulators is described. The analytical researches are carried out; the areas of stability of work of nonlinear vibration isolation device are defined

THE FACTORS OF IMPACT ON CONTENT AND DYNAMICS OF LEGISLATION EVOLUTION

Purpose: Ensuring the rule of law, human rights, the principles of constitutionalism and the democratization of society, the factor analysis of legislation remains relevant during the period of transformation of state and public institutions. Methodology: The study of factors is present at the theoretical and applied levels: the subject of the theory of law traditionally captures the laws and trends in the formation of the legislative system, primarily in connection with the factors that determine the boundaries and scope of legal regulation. 50 surveys conducted to investigate the factors of impact on content and dynamic of legislation evolution Result: The analysis of the impact factors of influence on the content, structure, and dynamics of the legislation, which is always conditioned by the development of objective and subjective circumstances, is in the focus of the paper. The study of factors is especially relevant in the period of society's and its legal system transformation in the direction of ensuring the rule of law and human rights. Research puts emphasis on the development of forecasting principles of legislation evolution dynamics. Applications: This research can be used for the universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of the factors of impact on content and dynamics of legislation evolution is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner

Resource-efficient methods for predicting and selecting heat-resistant alloys

The power plant resource efficiency is largely dependent on heat-resistant alloys and is limited by the standard turbine operating temperature, which is slightly greater than 1000°C. These temperature limits are dependent on the characteristics of the heat-resistant alloys used in power plants. The current research aimed to discover new heat-resistant alloys using computer-based models to simulate the various properties of such materials. The first-principle methods were initially used in this study. These methods can determine the most important properties of alloys with a high degree of accuracy. This study presented an overview of the software used for first-principle simulation. Using RuAl as the demonstration alloy in this study, we provided step-by-step instructions on how to effectively study the properties of the heat-resistant alloys. Using the first-principle methods, the phonon spectrum and density of the phonon states of B2 RuAl were assessed. We use the parameters of the phonon spectrum to calculate the Grьneisen constant, volume coefficient of thermal expansion, Debye temperature, and temperature dependence of the heat capacity to estimate the melting temperature. Based on the RuAl alloy, the bulk moduli of the elasticity and equilibrium values of lattice parameters were calculated. The simulated results showed good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated parameters of RuAl were compared with those of the NiAl heat-resistant alloy. Using these results, we presented a method for selecting an alloy based on the replacement of ruthenium with nickel in the RuAl alloy. Selection was performed by analyzing the bulk modulus of elasticity and the electron structure of the Ru(Ni)Al alloy

Diversity of Prokaryotes in Planktonic Communities of Saline Sol-Iletsk lakes (Orenburg Oblast, Russia)

© 2018, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Prokaryotic diversity was studied in the planktonic communities of six Sol-Iletsk lakes (Orenburg oblast, Russia) varying in salinity level using the Illumina technology of high-throughput sequencing. The extremely halophilic archaea of the phyla Euryarchaeota and Nanohaloarchaeota, as well as the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes predominated in the communities of lakes with salinity of 285–300‰. Representatives of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, as well as of the class Gammaproteobacteria were predominant in the lakes with salinity 110−180‰. A bloom of Cyanobacteria was observed in Bol’shoe Gorodskoe Lake (10‰ salinity). The dominant OTUs in the lakes with high salinity were represented by archaea Halonotius sp., uncultured Nanohaloarchaea, and bacteria Salinibacter sp. In the lakes with medium salinity level the dominants included gammaproteobacteria Spiribacter sp., alphaproteobacteria Roseovarius sp., flavobacteria Psychroflexus sp., unidentified archaea of the family Haloferacaceae, actinobacteria Pontimonas sp. and Rhodoluna sp. In the lake with low salinity level cyanobacteria of the genus Planktothrix were predominant. Effect of salinity on prokaryotic taxonomic richness, composition, and diversity in planktonic communities of the studied lakes was demonstrated