Combining regional and local scale coastal flood risk assessment and hazard modelling

This paper presents a method to combine regional- and local-scale flood risk assessment with numerical modelling of coastal inundation under sea defence breaching. We review existing coastal defence inspection reports, and by combining structure condition, deterioration, hinterland significance and inundation probability, we generate a risk score for each stretch of coastal defence in North Wales and North-West England. A frontage in North-East Wales deemed to be at high risk was used for a detailed hazard study using a flood model (LISFLOOD-FP), where a 0.5% probability flood was modelled under various sea-level rise and defence breaching scenarios. Flood hazard ratings given partial and total failure of the sea wall under present day, 2050 and 2100, and H++ sea-level scenarios are simulated to identify future flood risk to key infrastructure within the coastal community

Structure of Tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase. Insight into chiral discrimination, mechanism, and specificity of class II aldolases

Tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (TBPA) is a tetrameric class II aldolase that catalyzes the reversible condensation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to produce tagatose 1,6-bisphosphate. The high resolution (1.45 Å) crystal structure of the Escherichia coli enzyme, encoded by the agaY gene, complexed with phosphoglycolohydroxamate (PGH) has been determined. Two subunits comprise the asymmetric unit, and a crystallographic 2-fold axis generates the functional tetramer. A complex network of hydrogen bonds position side chains in the active site that is occupied by two cations. An unusual Na(+) binding site is created using a interaction with Tyr(183) in addition to five oxygen ligands. The catalytic Zn(2+) is five-coordinate using three histidine nitrogens and two PGH oxygens. Comparisons of TBPA with the related fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) identifies common features with implications for the mechanism. Because the major product of the condensation catalyzed by the enzymes differs in the chirality at a single position, models of FBPA and TBPA with their cognate bisphosphate products provide insight into chiral discrimination by these aldolases. The TBPA active site is more open on one side than FBPA, and this contributes to a less specific enzyme. The availability of more space and a wider range of aldehyde partners used by TBPA together with the highly specific nature of FBPA suggest that TBPA might be a preferred enzyme to modify for use in biotransformation chemistry

Studio as hybridised community space: For the Love of Albert

This article examines the ways in which adult education seriesFor the Love of Albert(1977) represents and advises people living on benefits by hybridising different factual and fictional forms and embracing the potential of the television studio. Interweaving genres – including light entertainment, Ken Campbell Road Show routines, plays by Alan Plater and audience discussion formats – the programme's televisuality and theatricality construct a potential community space. The programme's mixed modes provide a platform for testimony and interaction that helps it to challenge discourses on welfare and the knowledge claims of factual modes, opening up issues in documentary hybridisation

Coordination networks from ;N,N?-bis(3-or 4-pyridylmethyl)urea and Cu(II) or Cd(II) nitrate

Four coordination networks of composition [CuL2(H2O)(NO3)]. NO3.H2O (1) [CdL2(H2O)(NO3)]. NO3.H2O (2) (L = NN'-bis(4-pyridylmethyl)urea), [CuL2(NO3)]. 2H(2)O . 2EtOH (3) (L = NN'-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)urea) and [CdL2(H2O)(2)]. 2NO(3) (4) (L = N,N'-bis(3-pyridylmethyl)urea) have been prepared. Structures 1, 2 and 4 consist of looped chains, structure 3 consists of a two-dimensional network

Synthesis and characterisation of polymeric metal-ion carboxylates from benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid with Mn(II), Co(II) or Zn(II) and 2,2-bipyridyl, phenanthroline or a pyridyl-2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl) derivative

A total of 13 new co-ordination solids have been prepared of composition [Co(HBTC)(PHEN)(H2O)] (12), [Mn-3(BTC)(2)(PHEN)(3)] (13), [Mn(HBTC)(6)(H2O)] (14), [Mn(HBTC)(7)(H2O)] (15), [Zn-3(BTC)(2)(6)(3)(H2O)(3)]. 4H(2)O (16), [Zn-(HBTC)(6)(H2O)] (17), [Zn(H2BTC)(2)(6)] (18), [Zn(HBTC)(7)(H2O)] (19), [Zn(HBTC)(8)(H2O)] (20), [Zn-2(HBTC)(2)(9)(2)]. 2H(2)O (21), [Zn(HBTC)(10)(H2O)].H2O (22), [Co(HBTC)(10)(H2O)].H2O (23) and [Co(HBTC)(11)(H2O)] (24) 6 = pyridine-2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl); 7 = pyridine-2-(1-methyl-4-bromo-1H-pyrazol-3-yl); 8 = pyridine-2-(1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl); 9 = pyridine-2-(1-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl); 10 = pyridine-2-(1-methyl-5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl); 11 = pyridine-2-(1-methyl-4-nitro-5-tert-butyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl). Compounds 12, 14, 15 and 24 have similar structures which contain metal atoms in M2O2 rings. Compounds 17, 19 and 20 all contain single stranded coordinative chains. At low temperatures compounds 14 and 15 both have high spin S = 5 ground states