A history of land acquisition, commercialisation of agriculture and socio-economic differentiation among peasant farmers in a frontier region: The Gokwe District of northwestern Zimbabwe, c. 1945-1990s

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented 26 May 1997Until the 1950s, Gokwe was once perceived as the wild, remote and economically 'backward' domain of the 'Shangwe1 people, but since the influx of immigrants from the south into this region, and the introduction of small-holder cotton production in the early 1960s, Gokwe has been represented as a miracle of agrarian transformation, a frontier of commoditization, and more broadly, as an exemplar of the transition to modernity. From the early 1960s to the mid-1980s Gokwe alone accounted for more than half the country's cotton production from the African areas, and about 15% of the national output. Today(1996), Gokwe contributes about 60 percent of the nation's cotton output and its high market price has spurred even the smallest farmer to master the art of growing the million dollar crop. The population of Gokwe has increased dramatically from an insignificant sparsely populated region of the 'Shangwe' to being one of the most populous districts in the country with a population of over 400 000. Thus, once constituted as a negation of national progress, Gokwe has miraculously asserted itself as a fecund, energetic symbol of primeval development. Its emergence as the fastest growing district in the country in terms of both population and agricultural commodity production especially since independence in 1980 has made Gokwe a palpable emblem of the economic potential of the nation. If, as many now think, Zimbabwe stands as the beacon of hope for salvaging small-scale agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, it is Gokwe that provides its most dramatic and compelling example. The agricultural performance of Gokwe, just like that of many communal areas of Zimbabwe, especially after 1980, has been variously termed in Zimbabwean literature as the 'peasant miracle'or as 'Zimbabwe's Agricultural Revolution'. However, less attention has been paid to the fact that increased cotton productivity and high levels of marketed cotton were achieved by only a minority of producers. I hypothesize that differential access to land was in part responsible for differential levels of production among small-scale farmers in Gokwe. Unlike other rural areas of Zimbabwe where land pressure from the 1950s on was excessive, in Gokwe land was relatively abundant for a long time after that. However, with the introduction and intensification of commodity production, especially cotton agriculture and with the increase in immigrant population especially from the south, access to land has become a critical issue. In a study carried out by L.de Swardt in 1982 in the communal areas of Gokwe, he discovered that an informal land economy existed in Gokwe. His evidence showed that most households started with a base of approximately 10 acres allocated by the colonial state under the notorious Native Land Husbandry Act of 1951. However, by the early 1980s land had been subsequently traded to such as extent that some households had as much as 30 acres or more while others had as little as 2 acres…. My study is an investigation of how and why this uneven distribution of land observed by Swardt and myself took place. I will examine the history of land acquisition and the landholding practices that prevailed in this frontier region since the resettlement of immigrants from the 1950s. More specifically I will focus on the interface between legal codes and the actual practices of land holding on the ground. I will argue that between the legal paradigms and the actual practice on the ground there existed many conceptual gaps. While on one hand the legal codes were unevenly enforced, on the other 'customary' paradigms were ambiguous. This situation created many conceptual gaps in which both the legal and 'customary' paradigms were manipulated by various groups of people who maneuvered to acquire access to land through various channels. My paper will focus on the various kinds of transactions, negotiations and conflict over land that occurred in this region. By doing so my paper will enhance out understanding of the way in which rapid commercialization of cotton agriculture shaped people's strategies to gain access to land and how this in turn determined patterns of socio-economic differentiation in this region

Education and Training in Public Administration

Tulisan ini mencoba menggali gagasan mengenai apa dan bagaimana revitalisasi sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan yang didasarkan pada landasan teoritis dan pengalaman empiris dalam kaitannya dengan administrasi publik dalam menghadapi otonomi daerah dan Perubahan global yang tidak bisa dihindari. Administrasi publik sebagai suatu ilmu, seni dan juga suatu profesi akan memberikan pengaruh dalam memilih dan mendidik pegawai negeri. Oleh karena itu pendidikan untuk administrator publik harus diarahkan pada kemampuan untuk dapat memahami kerangka konseptual administrasi publik, politik, konstitusional, kultural dan Perubahan lingkungan yang sedang berlangsung

KEPUASAN IBU BALITA TERHADAP PELAYANAN KADER DI POSYANDU MELATI DESA MAGEKAPA WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS MAUKARO ENDE

Posyandu is a form of community participation in the health sector which is managed by cadres with the target of all members of the community. According to Siswanto (2010), one of the reasons for the lack of visits by toddlers to Posyandu is the lack of trust of mothers in the performance of Posyandu cadres. The aim of the study was to determine the level of satisfaction of mothers with toddlers regarding cadre services at Posyandu Melati, Magekapa Village, the working area of ​​the Maukaro Ende Health Center. The type of research used is descriptive with a survey research design. The population is all mothers under five who were recorded at the beginning of 2020, namely 42 people. The sampling technique is the total population by reason of the limited number of samples. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The data were then analyzed and reported descriptively. The results showed that 23 people (54.76%) were dissatisfied with pre-activity services by cadres at Posyandu Melati, 27 people (64.29%) were dissatisfied with services during activities by cadres at Posyandu Melati and 25 people (59.52) %) were dissatisfied with post-activity services by cadres at Posyandu Melati. The results of the study concluded that the majority of respondents were dissatisfied with the services of cadres at Posyandu Melati, namely as many as 30 people (71.43%) and the rest were satisfied, namely as many as 12 people (28.57%). Therefore, the Puskesmas is advised to provide training to cadres so that cadres are able to provide optimal service and with a friendly approach to the communit

INSTRUCTIONAL RESOURCES AVAILABILITY AND USE IN EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT CENTRES IN BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA

This paper reports finding of a study that sought to analyze the availability and use of instructional resources in Early Childhood and Development Education centers in Bungoma County, Kenya. Specifically, the teacher’s perception of the availability and use of instructional materials and its influence on learning was investigated. The research was based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development 1964. The study adopted the descriptive survey design and involved use of purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques to select a sample size of 81 respondents from the target population of educational officers, head teachers and teachers of the selected ECDE centers. Data was collected using questionnaire, observation and interview schedules. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages. The findings of the study showed that there are challenges related to the availability and use of instructional materials. The study is envisaged to provide useful information for the education policy makers to ensure availability of instructional resources for the teachers.  Article visualizations

Pendaftaran Hak Atas Tanah Asal Leter C, Girik Dan Petuk D Sebagai Alat Bukti Permulaan Di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa YOGYAKARTA

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Proses Pendaftaran hak Atas Tanah Asal Leter C, Girik dan PetukD Sebagai Alat Bukti Permulaan di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dalam menciptakanKepastian Hukum serta hambatan Proses Pendaftaran hak Atas Tanah Asal Leter C, Girik dan Petuk D SebagaiAlat Bukti Permulaan serta solusinya. Merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif, menggunakan konsep hukumkelima. Jenis data menggunakan data Primer dan Data sekunder, sumber data adalah Sumber Data Primerdan Sumber Data Sekunder yang meliputi Bahan Hukum Primer, Bahan Hukum Sekunder dan Bahan HukumTersier. Metode pengumpulan data melalui Wawancara dan metode Studi Pustaka. Analisis data dengan modelkarena dilindungi dari tindakan sewenang-wenang yang dilakukan oleh siapapun serta dengan kepemilikanHambatan yang ada Kurang atau minimnya bukti kepemilikan atas tanah menjadi salah satu penyebab dari minimnya proses pendaftaran hak atas tanah. Kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat Solusi yang dilakaukan oleh kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Sleman, bekerjasama dengan pihak PemerintahDesa/Kelurahan untuk mensosialisasikan arti penting kepemilikan sertipikat hak atas tanah, selain itu jugamemberikan pemahaman-pemahan kepada masyarakat terkait sengketa tanah yang diakibatkan lemahnyabukti kepemilikan hak atas tanah

STATUS IMUNITAS, ASI EKSKLUSIF, GIZI DAN LINGKUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN ISPA PADA BALITA DI PUSKESMAS REWARANGGA KECAMATAN ENDE TIMUR KABUPATEN ENDE PROPINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Generally, ISPA usually attacked the children under five because of low of the body power and the immunity, wasn’t given exclusive Mother’s Milk, uncompleted immunization, the weather and the environment didn’t support too.  The aim of research to analyze the relation of immunity, exclusive Mother’s Milk, nutrient and environment with the occurrence of ISPA to the children under five in Rewarangga Community Health Centre, East Ende Sub district, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. The sort of research was an analytical research by the Cross Sectional design. The populations for an examination 201, the number of the samples consisted of 60 people by the sampling purposive technic. The result of research showed that there was a meaningful relation among immunity, exclusive Mother’s Milk, nutrient and environment with the occurrence of ISPA to the children under five by the value of p < 0.005, namely immunity value p=0.013, exclussive mother’s milk p=0.011, nutrient p=0.008 and enviroment p=0.021. Based on the values above so could be concluded that the environmental factor which the biggest Influenced ISPA to the children under five and suggested in order that the children under five was able to examined in Rewarangga Community Health Centre accordance with the timetable that has been determined and tried to avoid the children under five from the pollution of the environmen

MATHEMATICS TEACHERS' CONCEPTIONS ABOUT PROBLEM SOLVING AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THEIR CLASSROOM PRACTICES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA

The study investigated secondary school mathematics teachers’ conceptions of problem solving and their classroom practices. The study was based on theoretical frameworks represented by Anderson (1996), Ernest (1991) and Bernardo (2002). The study was conducted in selected secondary schools in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Simple random and stratified sampling techniques were used to select 20 teachers from twenty schools. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and classroom observation checklist. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. In general, the results of this study indicated that there was no significant correlation between teachers’ conceptions about problem solving and their classroom practice. The results of this study also showed that teachers tend to hold strong conceptions about problem solving that are consistent with the instrumental view. In view of the findings, it was recommended that in-order to gradually challenge the teachers’ negative conceptions about mathematical problem-solving, adequate educational interventions should be planned and implemented in teacher education programmes and that teacher educators should assist and support teachers in concretizing these conceptions by undertaking reforms at both the pre-service and in-service training levels.  Article visualizations

An Overview of the Evidence and Mechanisms of Herb–Drug Interactions

Despite the lack of sufficient information on the safety of herbal products, their use as alternative and/or complementary medicine is globally popular. There is also an increasing interest in medicinal herbs as precursor for pharmacological actives. Of serious concern is the concurrent consumption of herbal products and conventional drugs. Herb–drug interaction (HDI) is the single most important clinical consequence of this practice. Using a structured assessment procedure, the evidence of HDI presents with varying degree of clinical significance. While the potential for HDI for a number of herbal products is inferred from non-human studies, certain HDIs are well established through human studies and documented case reports. Various mechanisms of pharmacokinetic HDI have been identified and include the alteration in the gastrointestinal functions with consequent effects on drug absorption; induction and inhibition of metabolic enzymes and transport proteins; and alteration of renal excretion of drugs and their metabolites. Due to the intrinsic pharmacologic properties of phytochemicals, pharmacodynamic HDIs are also known to occur. The effects could be synergistic, additive, and/or antagonistic. Poor reporting on the part of patients and the inability to promptly identify HDI by health providers are identified as major factors limiting the extensive compilation of clinically relevant HDIs. A general overview and the significance of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic HDI are provided, detailing basic mechanism, and nature of evidence available. An increased level of awareness of HDI is necessary among health professionals and drug discovery scientists. With the increasing number of plant-sourced pharmacological actives, the potential for HDI should always be assessed in the non-clinical safety assessment phase of drug development process. More clinically relevant research is also required in this area as current information on HDI is insufficient for clinical applications